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Register a new userOn the impact of baryons on the halo mass function, bias, and cluster cosmology
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Luminous matter produces very energetic events, such as active galactic nuclei and supernova explosions, that significantly affect the internal regions of galaxy clusters. Although the current uncertainty in the effect of baryonic physics on cluster statistics is subdominant as compared to other systematics, the picture is likely to change soon as the amount of high-quality data is growing fast, urging the community to keep theoretical systematic uncertainties below the ever-growing statistical precision. In this paper, we study the effect of baryons on galaxy clusters, and their impact on the cosmological applications of clusters, using the Magneticum suite of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. We show that the impact of baryons on the halo mass function can be recast in terms on a variation of the mass of the halos simulated with pure N-body, when baryonic effects are included. The halo mass function and halo bias are only indirectly affected. Finally, we demonstrate that neglecting baryonic effects on halos mass function and bias would significantly alter the inference of cosmological parameters from high-sensitivity next-generations surveys of galaxy clusters.
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We study the impact of theoretical uncertainty in the dark matter halo mass function and halo bias on dark energy constraints from imminent galaxy cluster surveys. We find that for an optical cluster survey like the Dark Energy Survey, the accuracy required on the predicted halo mass function to make it an insignificant source of error on dark energy parameters is ~ 1%. The analogous requirement on the predicted halo bias is less stringent (~ 5%), particularly if the observable-mass distribution can be well constrained by other means. These requirements depend upon survey area but are relatively insensitive to survey depth. The most stringent requirements are likely to come from a survey over a significant fraction of the sky that aims to observe clusters down to relatively low mass, Mth ~ 10^13.7 Msun/h; for such a survey, the mass function and halo bias must be predicted to accuracies of ~ 0.5% and ~ 1%, respectively. These accuracies represent a limit on the practical need to calibrate ever more accurate halo mass and bias functions. We find that improving predictions for the mass function in the low-redshift and low-mass regimes is the most effective way to improve dark energy constraints.
The halo mass function (HMF) is a critical element in cosmological analyses of galaxy cluster catalogs. We quantify the impact of uncertainties in HMF parameters on cosmological constraints from cluster catalogs similar to those from Planck, those expected from the Euclid, Roman and Rubin surveys, and from a hypothetical larger future survey. We analyse simulated catalogs in each case, gradually loosening priors on HMF parameters to evaluate the degradation in cosmological constraints. While current uncertainties on HMF parameters do not substantially impact Planck-like surveys, we find that they can significantly degrade the cosmological constraints for a Euclid-like survey. Consequently, the current precision on the HMF will not be sufficient for Euclid (or Roman or Rubin) and possible larger surveys. Future experiments will have to properly account for uncertainties in HMF parameters, and it will be necessary to improve precision of HMF fits to avoid weakening constraints on cosmological parameters.
Recent results by the Planck collaboration have shown that cosmological parameters derived from the cosmic microwave background anisotropies and cluster number counts are in tension, with the latter preferring lower values of the matter density parameter, $Omega_mathrm{m}$, and power spectrum amplitude, $sigma_8$. Motivated by this, we investigate the extent to which the tension may be ameliorated once the effect of baryonic depletion on the cluster mass function is taken into account. We use the large-volume Millennium Gas simulations in our study, including one where the gas is pre-heated at high redshift and one where the gas is heated by stars and active galactic nuclei (in the latter, the self-gravity of the baryons and radiative cooling are omitted). In both cases, the cluster baryon fractions are in reasonably good agreement with the data at low redshift, showing significant depletion of baryons with respect to the cosmic mean. As a result, it is found that the cluster abundance in these simulations is around 15 per cent lower than the commonly-adopted fit to dark matter simulations by Tinker et al (2008) for the mass range $10^{14}-10^{14.5}h^{-1} mathrm{M}_odot$. Ignoring this effect produces a significant artificial shift in cosmological parameters which can be expressed as $Delta[sigma_8(Omega_mathrm{m}/0.27)^{0.38}]simeq -0.03$ at $z=0.17$ (the median redshift of the $mathit{Planck}$ cluster sample) for the feedback model. While this shift is not sufficient to fully explain the $mathit{Planck}$ discrepancy, it is clear that such an effect cannot be ignored in future precision measurements of cosmological parameters with clusters. Finally, we outline a simple, model-independent procedure that attempts to correct for the effect of baryonic depletion and show that it works if the baryon-dark matter back-reaction is negligible.
We use a large suite of N-body simulations to study departures from universality in halo abundances and clustering in cosmologies with non-vanishing neutrino masses. To this end, we study how the halo mass function and halo bias factors depend on the scaling variable $sigma^2(M,z)$, the variance of the initial matter fluctuation field, rather than on halo mass $M$ and redshift $z$ themselves. We show that using the variance of the cold dark matter rather than the total mass field, i.e., $sigma^2_{cdm}(M,z)$ rather than $sigma^2_{m}(M,z)$, yields more universal results. Analysis of halo bias yields similar conclusions: When large-scale halo bias is defined with respect to the cold dark matter power spectrum, the result is both more universal, and less scale- or $k$-dependent. These results are used extensively in Papers I and III of this series.
We use a set of hydrodynamical (Hydro) and dark matter only (DMonly) simulations to calibrate the halo mass function (HMF). We explore the impact of baryons, propose an improved parametrization for spherical overdensity masses and identify differences between our DMonly HMF and previously published HMFs. We use the textit{Magneticum} simulations, which are well suited because of their accurate treatment of baryons, high resolution, and large cosmological volumes of up to $(3818~textrm{Mpc})^3$. Baryonic effects globally decrease the masses of galaxy clusters, which, at a given mass, results in a decrease of their number density. This effect vanishes at high redshift $zsim2$ and for high masses $M_{200textrm m}gtrsim10^{14}Modot$. We perform cosmological analyses of three idealized approximations to the cluster surveys by the South Pole Telescope (SPT), textit{Planck}, and eROSITA. We pursue two main questions: (1) What is the impact of baryons? -- For the SPT-like and the textit{Planck}-like samples, the impact of baryons on cosmological results is negligible. In the eROSITA-like case, however, neglecting the baryonic impact leads to an underestimate of $Omega_textrm m$ by about $0.01$, which is comparable to the expected uncertainty from eROSITA. (2) How does our DMonly HMF compare with previous work? -- For the textit{Planck}-like sample, results obtained using our DMonly HMF are shifted by $Delta(sigma_8)simeqDelta(sigma_8(Omega_textrm m/0.27)^{0.3})simeq0.02$ with respect to results obtained using the Tinker et al. (2008) fit. This suggests that using our HMF would shift results from textit{Planck} clusters toward better agreement with CMB anisotropy measurements. Finally, we discuss biases that can be introduced through inadequate HMF parametrizations that introduce false cosmological sensitivity.
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