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Register a new userProper motion, spectra, and timing of PSR J1813-1749 using Chandra and NICER
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PSR J1813-1749 is one of the most energetic rotation-powered pulsars known, producing a pulsar wind nebula (PWN) and gamma-ray and TeV emission, but whose spin period is only measurable in X-ray. We present analysis of two Chandra datasets that are separated by more than ten years and recent NICER data. The long baseline of the Chandra data allows us to derive a pulsar proper motion mu_R.A.=-(0.067+/-0.010) yr^-1 and mu_decl.=-(0.014+/-0.007) yr^-1 and velocity v_perp~900-1600 km/s (assuming a distance d=3-5 kpc), although we cannot exclude a contribution to the change in measured pulsar position due to a change in brightness structure of the PWN very near the pulsar. We model the PWN and pulsar spectra using an absorbed power law and obtain best-fit absorption NH=(13.1+/-0.9)x10^22 cm^-2, photon index Gamma=1.5+/-0.1, and 0.3-10 keV luminosity Lx~5.4x10^34 erg/s (d/5 kpc)^2 for the PWN and Gamma=1.2+/-0.1 and Lx~9.3x10^33 erg/s (d/5 kpc)^2 for PSR J1813-1749. These values do not change between the 2006 and 2016 observations. We use NICER observations from 2019 to obtain a timing model of PSR J1813-1749, with spin frequency nu=22.35 Hz and spin frequency time derivative nudot=(-6.428+/-0.003)x10^-11 Hz/s. We also fit nu measurements from 2009-2012 and our 2019 value and find a long-term spin-down rate nudot=(-6.3445+/-0.0004)x10^-11 Hz/s. We speculate that the difference in spin-down rates is due to glitch activity or emission mode switching.
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PSR J0537-6910, also known as the Big Glitcher, is the most prolific glitching pulsar known, and its spin-induced pulsations are only detectable in X-ray. We present results from analysis of 2.7 years of NICER timing observations, from 2017 August to 2020 April. We obtain a rotation phase-connected timing model for the entire timespan, which overlaps with the third observing run of LIGO/Virgo, thus enabling the most sensitive gravitational wave searches of this potentially strong gravitational wave-emitting pulsar. We find that the short-term braking index between glitches decreases towards a value of 7 or lower at longer times since the preceding glitch. By combining NICER and RXTE data, we measure a long-term braking index n=-1.25+/-0.01. Our analysis reveals 8 new glitches, the first detected since 2011, near the end of RXTE, with a total NICER and RXTE glitch activity of 8.88x10^-7 yr^-1. The new glitches follow the seemingly unique time-to-next-glitch---glitch-size correlation established previously using RXTE data, with a slope of 5 d microHz^-1. For one glitch around which NICER observes two days on either side, we search for but do not see clear evidence of spectral nor pulse profile changes that may be associated with the glitch.
We report on Bayesian estimation of the radius, mass, and hot surface regions of the massive millisecond pulsar PSR J0740$+$6620, conditional on pulse-profile modeling of Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer X-ray Timing Instrument (NICER XTI) event data. We condition on informative pulsar mass, distance, and orbital inclination priors derived from the joint NANOGrav and CHIME/Pulsar wideband radio timing measurements of arXiv:2104.00880. We use XMM European Photon Imaging Camera spectroscopic event data to inform our X-ray likelihood function. The prior support of the pulsar radius is truncated at 16 km to ensure coverage of current dense matter models. We assume conservative priors on instrument calibration uncertainty. We constrain the equatorial radius and mass of PSR J0740$+$6620 to be $12.39_{-0.98}^{+1.30}$ km and $2.072_{-0.066}^{+0.067}$ M$_{odot}$ respectively, each reported as the posterior credible interval bounded by the 16% and 84% quantiles, conditional on surface hot regions that are non-overlapping spherical caps of fully-ionized hydrogen atmosphere with uniform effective temperature; a posteriori, the temperature is $log_{10}(T$ [K]$)=5.99_{-0.06}^{+0.05}$ for each hot region. All software for the X-ray modeling framework is open-source and all data, model, and sample information is publicly available, including analysis notebooks and model modules in the Python language. Our marginal likelihood function of mass and equatorial radius is proportional to the marginal joint posterior density of those parameters (within the prior support) and can thus be computed from the posterior samples.
We report on Bayesian parameter estimation of the mass and equatorial radius of the millisecond pulsar PSR J0030$+$0451, conditional on pulse-profile modeling of Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) X-ray spectral-timing event data. We perform relativistic ray-tracing of thermal emission from hot regions of the pulsars surface. We assume two distinct hot regions based on two clear pulsed components in the phase-folded pulse-profile data; we explore a number of forms (morphologies and topologies) for each hot region, inferring their parameters in addition to the stellar mass and radius. For the family of models considered, the evidence (prior predictive probability of the data) strongly favors a model that permits both hot regions to be located in the same rotational hemisphere. Models wherein both hot regions are assumed to be simply-connected circular single-temperature spots, in particular those where the spots are assumed to be reflection-symmetric with respect to the stellar origin, are strongly disfavored. For the inferred configuration, one hot region subtends an angular extent of only a few degrees (in spherical coordinates with origin at the stellar center) and we are insensitive to other structural details; the second hot region is far more azimuthally extended in the form of a narrow arc, thus requiring a larger number of parameters to describe. The inferred mass $M$ and equatorial radius $R_mathrm{eq}$ are, respectively, $1.34_{-0.16}^{+0.15}$ M$_{odot}$ and $12.71_{-1.19}^{+1.14}$ km, whilst the compactness $GM/R_mathrm{eq}c^2 = 0.156_{-0.010}^{+0.008}$ is more tightly constrained; the credible interval bounds reported here are approximately the $16%$ and $84%$ quantiles in marginal posterior mass.
We have obtained a deep 670 ks CXO ACIS image of the remarkable pulsar wind nebula (PWN) of PSR J1709-4429, in 4 epochs during 2018-2019. Comparison with an archival 2004 data set provides a pulsar proper motion mu = 13 pm 3 mas/yr at a PA of 86 pm 9 degree (1 sigma combined statistical and systematic uncertainties), precluding birth near the center of SNR G343.1-2.3. At the pulsars characteristic age of 17 kyr, the association can be preserved through a combination of progenitor wind, birth kick and PWN outflow. Associated TeV emission may, however, indicate explosion in an earlier supernova. Inter-epoch comparison of the X-ray images shows that the PWN is dynamic, but we are unable to conclusively measure flow speeds from blob motion. The pulsar has generated a radio/X-ray wind bubble, and we argue that the PWNs long narrow jets are swept back by shocked pulsar wind venting from this cavity. These jets may trace the polar magnetic field lines of the PWN flow, an interesting challenge for numerical modeling.
Both the mass and radius of the millisecond pulsar PSR J0030+0451 have been inferred via pulse-profile modeling of X-ray data obtained by NASAs NICER mission. In this Letter we study the implications of the mass-radius inference reported for this source by Riley et al. (2019) for the dense matter equation of state (EOS), in the context of prior information from nuclear physics at low densities. Using a Bayesian framework we infer central densities and EOS properties for two choices of high-density extensions: a piecewise-polytropic model and a model based on assumptions of the speed of sound in dense matter. Around nuclear saturation density these extensions are matched to an EOS uncertainty band obtained from calculations based on chiral effective field theory interactions, which provide a realistic description of atomic nuclei as well as empirical nuclear matter properties within uncertainties. We further constrain EOS expectations with input from the current highest measured pulsar mass; together, these constraints offer a narrow Bayesian prior informed by theory as well as laboratory and astrophysical measurements. The NICER mass-radius likelihood function derived by Riley et al. (2019) using pulse-profile modeling is consistent with the highest-density region of this prior. The present relatively large uncertainties on mass and radius for PSR J0030+0451 offer, however, only a weak posterior information gain over the prior. We explore the sensitivity to the inferred geometry of the heated regions that give rise to the pulsed emission, and find a small increase in posterior gain for an alternative (but less preferred) model. Lastly, we investigate the hypothetical scenario of increasing the NICER exposure time for PSR J0030+0451.
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