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Register a new userA perfect power-law spectrum even at highest frequencies: The Toothbrush relic
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Radio relics trace shock fronts generated in the intracluster medium (ICM) during cluster mergers. The particle acceleration mechanism at the shock fronts is not yet completely understood. We observed the Toothbrush relic with the Effelsberg and Sardinia Radio Telescope at 14.25 GHz and 18.6 GHz, respectively. Unlike previously claimed, the integrated spectrum of the relic closely follows a power law over almost three orders of magnitude in frequency, with a spectral index of $alpha_{rm 58,MHz}^{rm 18.6,GHz}=-1.16pm0.03$. Our finding is consistent with a power-law injection spectrum, as predicted by diffusive shock acceleration theory. The result suggests that there is only little magnetic field strength evolution downstream to the shock. From the lack of spectral steepening, we find that either the Sunyaev-Zeldovich decrement produced by the pressure jump is less extended than $sim$ 600,kpc along the line of sight or, conversely, that the relic is located far behind in the cluster. For the first time, we detect linearly polarized emission from the brush at 18.6 GHz. Compared to 8.3 GHz, the degree of polarization across the brush increases at 18.6 GHz, suggesting a strong Faraday depolarization towards lower frequencies. The observed depolarization is consistent with an intervening magnetized screen that arise from the dense ICM containing turbulent magnetic fields. The depolarization, corresponding to a standard deviation of the Rotation Measures as high as $sigma_{rm RM}= 212pm23rm ,rad,m^{-2}$, suggests that the brush is located in or behind the ICM. Our findings indicate that the Toothbrush can be consistently explained by the standard scenario for relic formation
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Ultra-low frequency observations (<100 MHz) are particularly challenging because they are usually performed in a low signal-to-noise ratio regime due to the high sky temperature and because of ionospheric disturbances whose effects are inversely proportional to the observing frequency. Nonetheless, these observations are crucial to study the emission from low-energy populations of cosmic rays. We aim to obtain the first thermal-noise limited (~ 1.5 mJy/beam) deep continuum radio map using the LOFAR Low Band Antenna (LBA) system. Our demonstration observation targeted the galaxy cluster RX J0603.3+4214 (the Toothbrush cluster). We used the resulting ultra-low frequency (58 MHz) image to study cosmic-ray acceleration and evolution in the post shock region, as well as their relation with the presence of a radio halo. We describe the data reduction we have used to calibrate LOFAR LBA observations. The resulting image is combined with observations at higher frequencies (LOFAR 150 MHz and VLA 1500 MHz) to extract spectral information. We obtained the first thermal-noise limited image from an observation carried out with the LOFAR LBA system using all Dutch stations at a central frequency of 58 MHz. With 8 hours of data, we reached an rms noise of 1.3 mJy/beam at a resolution of 18 x 11. The procedure we have developed is an important step forward towards routine high-fidelity imaging with the LOFAR LBA. The analysis of the radio spectra shows that the radio relic extends to distances of 800 kpc downstream from the shock front, larger than what allowed by electron cooling time. Furthermore, the shock wave started accelerating electrons already at a projected distance of <300 kpc from the crossing point of the two clusters. These results can be explained if electrons are reaccelerated downstream by background turbulence possibly combined with projection effects.
We have carried out full imaging simulation studies to explore the impact of frequency standards in millimeter and sub-millimeter Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), focusing on the coherence time and sensitivity. In particular, we compare the performance of the H-maser, traditionally used in VLBI, to that of ultra-stable cryocooled sapphire oscillators over a range of observing frequencies, weather conditions and analysis strategies. Our simulations show that at the highest frequencies, the losses induced by H-maser instabilities are comparable to those from high quality tropospheric conditions. We find significant benefits in replacing H-masers with cryocooled sapphire oscillator based frequency references in VLBI observations at frequencies above 175 GHz in sites which have the best weather conditions; at 350 GHz we estimate a 20-40% increase in sensitivity, over that obtained when the sites have H-masers, for coherence losses of 20-10%, respectively. Maximum benefits are to be expected by using colocated Water Vapour Radiometers for atmospheric correction. In this case, we estimate a 60-120% increase in sensitivity over the H-maser at 350 GHz.
One of several working groups established for this workshop was charged with examining results and methods associated with the UHECR energy spectrum. We summarize the results of our discussions, which include a better understanding of the analysis choices made by groups and their motivation. We find that the energy spectra determined by the larger experiments are consistent in normalization and shape after energy scaling factors are applied. Those scaling factors are within systematic uncertainties in the energy scale, and we discuss future work aimed at reducing these systematics.
The large-scale structure of the Universe should soon be measured at high redshift during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) through line-intensity mapping. A number of ongoing and planned surveys are using the 21 cm line to trace neutral hydrogen fluctuations in the intergalactic medium (IGM) during the EoR. These may be fruitfully combined with separate efforts to measure large-scale emission fluctuations from galactic lines such as [CII], CO, H-$alpha$, and Ly-$alpha$ during the same epoch. The large scale power spectrum of each line encodes important information about reionization, with the 21 cm power spectrum providing a relatively direct tracer of the ionization history. Here we show that the large scale 21 cm power spectrum can be extracted using only cross-power spectra between the 21 cm fluctuations and each of two separate line-intensity mapping data cubes. This technique is more robust to residual foregrounds than the usual 21 cm auto-power spectrum measurements and so can help in verifying auto-spectrum detections. We characterize the accuracy of this method using numerical simulations and find that the large-scale 21 cm power spectrum can be inferred to an accuracy of within 5% for most of the EoR, reaching 0.6% accuracy on a scale of $ksim0.1,text{Mpc}^{-1}$ at $left< x_i right> = 0.36$ ($z = 8.34$ in our model). An extension from two to $N$ additional lines would provide $N(N-1)/2$ cross-checks on the large-scale 21 cm power spectrum. This work strongly motivates redundant line-intensity mapping surveys probing the same cosmological volumes.
Power spectra of Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) emission at 24, 70 and 160 microns observed with the Spitzer Space Telescope have a two-component power-law structure with a shallow slope of -1.6 at low wavenumber, k, and a steep slope of -2.9 at high k. The break occurs at 1/k ~ 100-200 pc, which is interpreted as the line-of-sight thickness of the LMC disk. The slopes are slightly steeper for longer wavelengths, suggesting the cooler dust emission is smoother than the hot emission. The power spectrum covers ~ 3.5 orders of magnitude and the break in the slope is in the middle of this range on a logarithmic scale. Large-scale driving from galactic and extragalactic processes, including disk self-gravity, spiral waves and bars, presumably cause the low-k structure in what is effectively a two-dimensional geometry. Small-scale driving from stellar processes and shocks cause the high-k structure in a 3D geometry. This transition in dimensionality corresponds to the observed change in power spectrum slope. A companion paper models the observed power-law with a self-gravitating hydrodynamics simulation of a galaxy like the LMC.
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