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Register a new userA Low-Mass Stellar-Debris Stream Associated with a Globular Cluster Pair in the Halo
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Zhen Yuan
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There are expected to be physical relationships between the globular clusters (GCs) and stellar substructures in the Milky Way, not all of which have yet been found. We search for such substructures from a combined halo sample of SDSS blue horizontal-branch and SDSS+LAMOST RR Lyrae stars, cross-matched with astrometric information from $Gaia$ DR2. This is a sample of old stars which are also excellent tracers of structures, ideal for searching for ancient relics in the outer stellar halo. By applying the neural-network-based method StarGO to the full 4D dynamical space of our sample, we rediscover the Sagittarius Stream, and find the debris of the $Gaia$-Enceladus-Sausage (GES) and the Sequoia events in the outer halo, as well as their linkages with several GCs. Most importantly, we find a new, low-mass, debris stream associated with a pair of GCs (NGC 5024 and NGC 5053), which we dub LMS-1. This stream has a very polar orbit, and occupies a region between 10 to 20 kpc from the Galactic center. NGC 5024 (M53), the more-massive of the associated GC pair, is very likely the nuclear star cluster of a now-disrupted dwarf galaxy progenitor, based on the results from N-body simulations.
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Context. We report the discovery of VVV-CL160, a new nearby globular cluster (GC) with extreme kinematics, located in the Galactic plane at $l = 10.1477$ deg, $b = 0.2999$ deg. Aims. We aim to characterize the physical properties of this new GC and place it in the context of the Milky Way, exploring its possible connection with the known GC NGC 6544 and with the Hrid halo stream. Methods. VVV-CL160 was originally detected in the VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) survey. We use the proper motions (PMs) from the updated VVV Infrared Astrometric Catalog (VIRAC2) to select GC members and make deep near-infrared color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) to study the cluster properties. We also fit King models to the decontaminated sample to determine the GC structural parameters. Results. VVV-CL160 has an unusually large PM for a Galactic GC as measured with VIRAC2 and Gaia EDR3: $mu_{alpha}cos(delta)$ = $-2.3 pm 0.1 $ mas yr$^{-1}$ and $mu_{delta}$ = $-16.8 pm 0.1 $ mas yr$^{-1}$. The kinematics are similar to those of the known GC NGC 6544 and the Hrid halo stream. We estimate a reddening of $E(J-K) = 1.95$ mag and an extinction of $A_{k}= 1.40$ mag for VVV-CL160. We also measure a distance modulus of $(m-M) = 13.01$ mag and a distance of $D_{odot} = 4.0 pm 0.5$ kpc. This places the GC at $z=29$ pc above the Galactic plane and at a galactocentric distance of $R_G=4.2$ kpc. We also measure a metallicity of $[Fe/H] = -1.4 pm 0.2$ dex for an adopted age of $t=12$ Gyr; King model fits of the PM-decontaminated sample reveal a concentrated GC, with core radius $r_{c}= 22.8$ and tidal radius $r_{t}= 50$. .... We also explore the possible association of this new GC with other GCs and halo streams. Conclusions. Based on the locations and kinematics, we suggest that VVV-CL160, along with NGC 6544, may be associated with the extension of the Hrid halo stream.
We present evidence for mass segregation in the outer-halo globular cluster Palomar 14, which is intuitively unexpected since its present-day two-body relaxation time significantly exceeds the Hubble time. Based on archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging, we analyze the radial dependence of the stellar mass function in the clusters inner 39.2 pc in the mass range of 0.53-0.80 M_sun, ranging from the main-sequence turn-off down to a V-band magnitude of 27.1 mag. The mass function at different radii is well approximated by a power law and rises from a shallow slope of 0.6+/-0.2 in the clusters core to a slope of 1.6+/-0.3 beyond 18.6 pc. This is seemingly in conflict with the finding by Beccari et al. (2011), who interpret the clusters non-segregated population of (more massive) blue straggler stars, compared to (less massive) red giants and horizontal branch stars, as evidence that the cluster has not experienced dynamical segregation yet. We discuss how both results can be reconciled. Our findings indicate that the cluster was either primordially mass-segregated and/or used to be significantly more compact in the past. For the latter case, we propose tidal shocks as the mechanism driving the clusters expansion, which would imply that Palomar 14 is on a highly eccentric orbit. Conversely, if the cluster formed already extended and with primordial mass segregation, this could support an accretion origin of the cluster.
The halo masses $M_{halo}$ of low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies are critical measurements for understanding their formation processes. One promising method to estimate a galaxys $M_{halo}$ is to exploit the empirical scaling relation between $M_{halo}$ and the number of associated globular clusters ($N_{mathrm{GC}}$). We use a Bayesian mixture model approach to measure $N_{mathrm{GC}}$ for 175 LSB ($23leqleftlangle mu_{e,r} rightrangle [mathrm{mag arcsec}^{-2}]leq 28$) galaxies in the Fornax cluster using the Fornax Deep Survey (FDS) data; this is the largest sample of low mass galaxies so-far analysed for this kind of study. The proximity of the Fornax cluster means that we can measure galaxies with much smaller physical sizes ($0.3leq r_{e,r} [mathrm{kpc}]leq 9.5$) compared to previous studies of the GC systems of LSB galaxies, probing stellar masses down to $M_{*}sim10^{5}mathrm{M_{odot}}$. The sample also includes udg ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs), with projected $r$-band half-light radii greater than 1.5 kpc. Our results are consistent with an extrapolation of the $M_{*}-M_{halo}$ relation predicted from abundance matching. In particular, our UDG measurements are consistent with dwarf sized halos, having typical masses between $10^{10}$ and $10^{11}mathrm{M_{odot}}$. Overall, our UDG sample is statistically indistinguishable from smaller LSB galaxies in the same magnitude range. We do not find any candidates likely to be as rich as some of those found in the Coma cluster. We suggest that environment might play a role in producing GC-rich LSB galaxies.
Clusters of galaxies are the largest gravitationally bound objects in the Universe, containing about 10^15 solar masses of hot (10^8 K) gas, galaxies and dark matter in a typical volume of about 10 Mpc^3. Magnetic fields and relativistic particles are mixed with the gas as revealed by giant radio haloes, which arise from diffuse, megaparsec-scale synchrotron radiation at cluster center. Radio haloes require that the emitting electrons are accelerated in situ (by turbulence), or are injected (as secondary particles) by proton collisions into the intergalactic medium. They are found only in a fraction of massive clusters that have complex dynamics, which suggests a connection between these mechanisms and cluster mergers. Here we report a radio halo at low frequencies associated with the merging cluster Abell 521. This halo has an extremely steep radio spectrum, which implies a high frequency cut-off; this makes the halo difficult to detect with observations at 1.4 GHz (the frequency at which all other known radio haloes have been best studied). The spectrum of the halo is inconsistent with a secondary origin of the relativistic electrons, but instead supports turbulent acceleration, which suggests that many radio haloes in the Universe should emit mainly at low frequencies.
We report on the detection in Sloan Digital Sky Survey data of a 45 degree tidal stream of stars, extending from Bootes to Ursa Major, which we associate with the halo globular cluster NGC 5466. Using an optimal contrast, matched filter technique, we find a long, almost linear stellar stream with an average width of 1.4 degrees. The stream is an order of magnitude more tenuous than the stream associated with Palomar 5. The streams orientation on the sky is consistent to a greater or lesser extent with existing proper motion measurements for the cluster.
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