No Arabic abstract
Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPMs) are semiconductor-based photo-detectors with performances similar to the traditional Photo-Multiplier Tubes (PMTs). An increasing number of experiments dedicated to particle detection in colliders, accelerators, astrophysics, neutrino and rare-event physics involving scintillators are using SiPMs as photodetectors. They are gradually substituting PMTs in many applications, especially where low voltages are required and high magnetic field is present. Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., one of leading producers of photo-detectors, in the last year introduced the S14160 series of SiPMs with improved performances. In this work, a characterization of these devices will be presented in terms of breakdown voltages, pulse shape, dark current and gain. Particular attention has been dedicated to the analysis of the parameters as function of temperature.
We present results for time resolution studies performed on three different scintillating plastics and two silicon photo-multipliers. These studies are intended to determine whether scintillating plastic/silicon photo-multiplier systems can be employed to provide a fast trigger signal for NICAs Multi Purpose Detector (MPD). Our results show that such a system made of cells with transverse dimensions of order of a few cm, coupled to silicon photo-multipliers, provides a time resolution of about 50 ps, which can be even further improved to attain the MPD trigger requirements of 20 ps.
Future large water Cherenkov and scintillator detectors have been proposed for measurements of long baseline neutrino oscillations, proton decay, supernova and solar neutrinos. To ensure cost-effectiveness and optimize scientific reach, one of the critical requirements for such detectors are large-area, high performance photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). One candidate for such a device is the Hamamatsu R11780, a 12 PMT that is available in both standard and high quantum efficien
We report on the energy, timing, and pulse-shape discrimination performance of cylindrical 5 cm diameter x 5 cm thick and 7 cm diameter x 7 cm thick {it trans}-stilbene crystals read out with the passively summed output of three different commercial silicon photo-multiplier arrays. Our results indicate that using the summed output of an 8x8 array of SiPMs provides performance competitive with photo-multiplier tubes for many neutron imaging and correlated particle measurements: for the 5x5 cm crystal read out with SensLs ArrayJ-60035_64P-PCB, which had the best overall properties, we measure the energy resolution as 13.6$pm$1.8% at 341 keVee, the timing resolution in the 100--400 keVee range as 277$pm$34 ps, and the pulse-shape discrimination figure-of-merit as 2.21$pm$0.03 in the 230--260 keVee energy range. These results enable many scintillator-based instruments to enjoy the size, robustness, and power benefits of silicon photo-multiplier arrays as replacement for the photo-multiplier tubes that are predominantly used today.
The aim of this paper is to fully characterize the new multi-anode photomultiplier tube R11265-103-M64, produced by Hamamatsu. Its high effective active area (77%), its pixel size, the low dark signal rate and the capability to detect single photon signals make this tube suitable for an application in high energy physics, such as for RICH detectors. Four tubes and two different bias voltage dividers have been tested. The results of a standard characterization of the gain and the anode uniformity, the dark signal rate, the cross-talk and the device behaviour as a function of temperature have been studied. The behaviour of the tube is studied in a longitudinal magnetic field up to 100 Gauss. Shields made of a high permeability material are also investigated. The deterioration of the device performance due to long time operation at intense light exposure is studied. A quantitative analysis of the variation of the gain and the dark signals rate due to the aging is described.
We derive the full expression for the shape of the charge spectrum that results from the illumination of a photo-multiplier tube. The derivation is for low intensity illumination with constant gain, a common condition for most nuclear and particle physics applications. Under these conditions, it is shown that an analytic expression can be formulated that describes details of the spectrum including the pedestal and dark noise with excellent fidelity to allow statistical fits to data. The derivation and full formula using either Gaussian or Poisson models for gain, and its limiting forms under various simplifying assumptions are presented with strategies on their use. The analytic description can be used to formulate data acquisition strategies to perform precise absolute calibration of photo-multipliers, the digitizers, and the data acquisition system.