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Register a new userThe impact of stellar and AGN feedback on halo-scale baryonic and dark matter accretion in the EAGLE simulations
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We use the EAGLE suite of hydrodynamical simulations to analyse accretion rates (and the breakdown of their constituent channels) onto haloes over cosmic time, comparing the behaviour of baryons and dark matter (DM). We also investigate the influence of sub-grid baryon physics on halo-scale inflow, specifically the consequences of modelling radiative cooling, as well as feedback from stars and active galactic nuclei (AGN). We find that variations in halo baryon fractions at fixed mass (particularly their circum-galactic medium gas content) are very well correlated with variations in the baryon fraction of accreting matter, which we show to be heavily suppressed by stellar feedback in low-mass haloes, $M_{rm halo}lesssim10^{11.5}M_{odot}$. Breaking down accretion rates into first infall, recycled, transfer and merger components, we show that baryons are much more likely to be smoothly accreted than to have originated from mergers when compared to DM, finding (averaged across halo mass) a merger contribution of $approx6%$ for baryons, and $approx15%$ for DM at $zapprox0$. We also show that the breakdown of inflow into different channels is strongly dependent on sub-grid physics, particularly the contribution of recycled accretion (accreting matter that has been previously ejected from progenitor haloes). Our findings highlight the dual role that baryonic feedback plays in regulating the evolution of galaxies and haloes: by (i) directly removing gas from haloes, and (ii) suppressing gas inflow to haloes.
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Using a suite of three large cosmological hydrodynamical simulations, Horizon-AGN, Horizon-noAGN (no AGN feedback) and Horizon-DM (no baryons), we investigate how a typical sub-grid model for AGN feedback affects the evolution of the inner density profiles of massive dark matter haloes and galaxies. Based on direct object-to-object comparisons, we find that the integrated inner mass and density slope differences between objects formed in these three simulations (hereafter, H_AGN, H_noAGN and H_DM) significantly evolve with time. More specifically, at high redshift (z~5), the mean central density profiles of H_AGN and H_noAGN dark matter haloes tend to be much steeper than their H_DM counterparts owing to the rapidly growing baryonic component and ensuing adiabatic contraction. By z~1.5, these mean halo density profiles in H_AGN have flattened, pummelled by powerful AGN activity (quasar mode): the integrated inner mass difference gaps with H_noAGN haloes have widened, and those with H_DM haloes have narrowed. Fast forward 9.5 billion years, down to z=0, and the trend reverses: H_AGN halo mean density profiles drift back to a more cusped shape as AGN feedback efficiency dwindles (radio mode), and the gaps in integrated central mass difference with H_noAGN and H_DM close and broaden respectively. On the galaxy side, the story differs noticeably. Averaged stellar profile central densities and inner slopes are monotonically reduced by AGN activity as a function of cosmic time, resulting in better agreement with local observations. As both dark matter and stellar inner density profiles respond quite sensitively to the presence of a central AGN, there is hope that future observational determinations of these quantities can be used constrain AGN feedback models.
We report the alignment and shape of dark matter, stellar, and hot gas distributions in the EAGLE and cosmo-OWLS simulations. The combination of these state-of-the-art hydro-cosmological simulations enables us to span four orders of magnitude in halo mass ($11 < log_{10}(M_{200}/ [h^{-1}M_odot]) < 15$), a wide radial range ($-2.3 < log_{10}(r/[h^{-1}Mpc ]) < 1.3$) and redshifts $0 < z < 1$. The shape parameters of the dark matter, stellar and hot gas distributions follow qualitatively similar trends: they become more aspherical (and triaxial) with increasing halo mass, radius and redshift. We measure the misalignment of the baryonic components (hot gas and stars) of galaxies with their host halo as a function of halo mass, radius, redshift, and galaxy type (centrals vs satellites and early- vs late-type). Overall, galaxies align well with the local distribution of the total (mostly dark) matter. However, the stellar distributions on galactic scales exhibit a median misalignment of about 45-50 degrees with respect to their host haloes. This misalignment is reduced to 25-30 degrees in the most massive haloes ($13 < log_{10}(M_{200}/ [h^{-1}M_odot ]) < 15$). Half of the disc galaxies in the EAGLE simulations have a misalignment angle with respect to their host haloes larger than 40 degrees. We present fitting functions and tabulated values for the probability distribution of galaxy-halo misalignment to enable a straightforward inclusion of our results into models of galaxy formations based on purely collisionless N-body simulations.
Stellar halos in early-type galaxies (ETGs) are shaped by their accretion and merger histories. We use a sample of 1114 ETGs in the TNG100 simulation with stellar masses $10^{10.3}leq M_{*}/M_odotleq 10^{12}$, selected at z=0 within the range of g-r colour and lambda-ellipticity diagram populated by observed ETGs. We study how the rotational support and intrinsic shapes of the stellar halos depend on the fraction of accreted stars, overall and separately by major, minor, and mini mergers. Accretion histories in TNG100 ETGs as well as the radial distributions of ex-situ stars $f_{ex}(R)$ strongly correlate with stellar mass. Low-mass ETGs have characteristic peaked rotation profiles and near-oblate shapes with rounder halos that are completely driven by the in-situ stars. At high $f_{ex}$ major mergers decrease the in-situ peak in rotation velocity, flatten the $V_{*}/sigma_{*}(R)$ profiles, and increase the triaxiality of the stellar halos. Kinematic transition radii do not trace the transition between in-situ and ex-situ dominated regions, but for systems with $M_{*}>10^{10.6}M_odot$ the local rotational support decreases with the local ex-situ fraction $f_{ex}(R)$ and triaxiality increases with $f_{ex}$. These correlations are followed by fast and slow rotators alike with a continuous and overlapping sequence of properties. Merger events dynamically couple stars and dark matter: in high mass ETGs and at large radii where $f_{ex}gtrsim0.5$, both components tend to have similar intrinsic shapes and rotational support, and nearly aligned principal axes and spin directions. Based on these results we suggest that extended photometry and kinematics of massive ETGs ($M_{*}>10^{10.6}M_odot$) can be used to estimate the local fraction of ex-situ stars and to approximate the intrinsic shapes and rotational support of the co-spatial dark matter component. [abridged]
We study the distribution of cold dark matter (CDM) in cosmological simulations from the FIRE (Feedback In Realistic Environments) project, for $M_{ast}sim10^{4-11},M_{odot}$ galaxies in $M_{rm h}sim10^{9-12},M_{odot}$ halos. FIRE incorporates explicit stellar feedback in the multi-phase ISM, with energetics from stellar population models. We find that stellar feedback, without fine-tuned parameters, greatly alleviates small-scale problems in CDM. Feedback causes bursts of star formation and outflows, altering the DM distribution. As a result, the inner slope of the DM halo profile ($alpha$) shows a strong mass dependence: profiles are shallow at $M_{rm h}sim10^{10}-10^{11},M_{odot}$ and steepen at higher/lower masses. The resulting core sizes and slopes are consistent with observations. This is broadly consistent with previous work using simpler feedback schemes, but we find steeper mass dependence of $alpha$, and relatively late growth of cores. Because the star formation efficiency $M_{ast}/M_{rm h}$ is strongly halo mass dependent, a rapid change in $alpha$ occurs around $M_{rm h}sim 10^{10},M_{odot}$ ($M_{ast}sim10^{6}-10^{7},M_{odot}$), as sufficient feedback energy becomes available to perturb the DM. Large cores are not established during the period of rapid growth of halos because of ongoing DM mass accumulation. Instead, cores require several bursts of star formation after the rapid buildup has completed. Stellar feedback dramatically reduces circular velocities in the inner kpc of massive dwarfs; this could be sufficient to explain the Too Big To Fail problem without invoking non-standard DM. Finally, feedback and baryonic contraction in Milky Way-mass halos produce DM profiles slightly shallower than the Navarro-Frenk-White profile, consistent with the normalization of the observed Tully-Fisher relation.
We study the interaction of feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) and a multi-phase interstellar medium (ISM), in simulations including explicit stellar feedback, multi-phase cooling, accretion-disk winds, and Compton heating. We examine radii ~0.1-100 pc around a black hole (BH), where the accretion rate onto the BH is determined and where AGN-powered winds and radiation couple to the ISM. We conclude: (1) The BH accretion rate is determined by exchange of angular momentum between gas and stars in gravitational instabilities. This produces accretion rates ~0.03-1 Msun/yr, sufficient to power luminous AGN. (2) The gas disk in the galactic nucleus undergoes an initial burst of star formation followed by several Myrs where stellar feedback suppresses the star formation rate (SFR). (3) AGN winds injected at small radii with momentum fluxes ~L/c couple efficiently to the ISM and have dramatic effects on ISM properties within ~100 pc. AGN winds suppress the nuclear SFR by factors ~10-30 and BH accretion rate by factors ~3-30. They increase the outflow rate from the nucleus by factors ~10, consistent with observational evidence for galaxy-scale AGN-driven outflows. (4) With AGN feedback, the predicted column density distribution to the BH is consistent with observations. Absent AGN feedback, the BH is isotropically obscured and there are not enough optically-thin sightlines to explain Type-I AGN. A torus-like geometry arises self-consistently as AGN feedback evacuates gas in polar regions.
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