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Register a new userCoherent suppression of tensor frequency shifts through magnetic field rotation
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We introduce a scheme to coherently suppress second-rank tensor frequency shifts in atomic clocks, relying on the continuous rotation of an external magnetic field during the free atomic state evolution in a Ramsey sequence. The method retrieves the unperturbed frequency within a single interrogation cycle and is readily applicable to various atomic clock systems. For the frequency shift due to the electric quadrupole interaction, we experimentally demonstrate suppression by more than two orders of magnitude for the ${}^2S_{1/2} to {}^2D_{3/2}$ transition of a single trapped ${}^{171}text{Yb}^+$ ion. The scheme provides particular advantages in the case of the ${}^{171}text{Yb}^+$ ${}^2S_{1/2} to {}^2F_{7/2}$ electric octupole (E3) transition. For an improved estimate of the residual quadrupole shift for this transition, we measure the excited state electric quadrupole moments $Theta({}^2D_{3/2}) = 1.95(1)~ea_0^2$ and $Theta({}^2F_{7/2}) = -0.0297(5)~ea_0^2$ with $e$ the elementary charge and $a_0$ the Bohr radius, improving the measurement uncertainties by one order of magnitude.
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We evaluate the frequency error from distributed cavity phase in the caesium fountain clock PTB-CSF2 at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt with a combination of frequency measurements and ab initio calculations. The associated uncertainty is 1.3E-16, with a frequency bias of 0.4E-16. The agreement between the measurements and calculations explains the previously observed frequency shifts at elevated microwave amplitude. We also evaluate the frequency bias and uncertainty due to the microwave lensing of the atomic wavepackets. We report a total PTB-CSF2 systematic uncertainty of 4.1E-16.
We present an investigation into the magnetism of the Magellanic Bridge, carried out through the observation of Faraday rotation towards 167 polarized extragalactic radio sources spanning the continuous frequency range of 1.3 - 3.1 GHz with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. Comparing measured Faraday depth values of sources on and off the Bridge, we find that the two populations are implicitly different. Assuming that this difference in populations is due to a coherent field in the Magellanic Bridge, the observed Faraday depths indicate a median line-of-sight coherent magnetic-field strength of $B_{parallel},simeq,0.3,mu$G directed uniformly away from us. Motivated by the varying magnitude of Faraday depths of sources on the Bridge, we speculate that the coherent field observed in the Bridge is a consequence of the coherent magnetic fields from the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds being pulled into the tidal feature. This is the first observation of a coherent magnetic field spanning the entirety of the Magellanic Bridge and we argue that this is a direct probe of a pan-Magellanic field.
We present an optical approach to compensating for spatially varying ac-Stark shifts that appear on atomic ensembles subject to strong optical control or trapping fields. The introduction of an additional weak light field produces an intentional perturbation between atomic states that is tuned to suppress the influence of the strong field. The compensation field suppresses sensitivity in one of the transition frequencies of the trapped atoms to both the atomic distribution and motion. We demonstrate this technique in a cold rubidium ensemble and show a reduction in inhomogeneous broadening in the trap. This two-colour approach emulates the magic trapping approach that is used in modern atomic lattice clocks but provides greater flexibility in choice of atomic species, probe transition, and trap wavelength.
Experiments involving optical traps often require careful control of the ac Stark shifts induced by strong confining light fields. By carefully balancing light shifts between two atomic states of interest, optical traps at the magic wavelength have been especially effective at suppressing deleterious effects stemming from such shifts. Highlighting the power of this technique, optical clocks today exploit Lamb-Dicke confinement in magic-wavelength optical traps, in some cases realizing shift cancellation at the ten parts per billion level. Theory and empirical measurements can be used at varying levels of precision to determine the magic wavelength where shift cancellation occurs. However, lasers exhibit background spectra from amplified spontaneous emission or other lasing modes which can easily contaminate measurement of the magic wavelength and its reproducibility in other experiments or conditions. Indeed, residual light shifts from laser background have plagued optical lattice clock measurements for years. In this work, we develop a simple theoretical model allowing prediction of light shifts from measured background spectra. We demonstrate good agreement between this model and measurements of the background light shift from an amplified diode laser in an Yb optical lattice clock. Additionally, we model and experimentally characterize the filtering effect of a volume Bragg grating bandpass filter, demonstrating that application of the filter can reduce background light shifts from amplified spontaneous emission well below the $10^{-18}$ fractional clock frequency level. This demonstration is corroborated by direct clock comparisons between a filtered amplified diode laser and a filtered titanium:sapphire laser.
Collisions with background gas particles can shift the resonance frequencies of atoms in atomic clocks. The internal quantum states of atoms can also become entangled with their motional states due to the recoil imparted by a collision, which leads to a further shift of the clock frequency through the relativistic Doppler shift. It can be complicated to evaluate the Doppler and collisional frequency shifts for clock atoms in such entangled states, but estimates of these shifts are essential in order to improve the accuracy of optical atomic clocks. We present a formalism that describes collisions and relativistic Doppler shifts in a unified manner, and can therefore be used to accurately estimate collisional frequency shifts in trapped-atom clocks.
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