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We derive a holomorphic anomaly equation for the Vafa-Witten partition function for twisted four-dimensional $mathcal{N} =4$ super Yang-Mills theory on $mathbb{CP}^{2}$ for the gauge group $SO(3)$ from the path integral of the effective theory on the Coulomb branch. The holomorphic kernel of this equation, which receives contributions only from the instantons, is not modular but `mock modular. The partition function has correct modular properties expected from $S$-duality only after including the anomalous nonholomorphic boundary contributions from anti-instantons. Using M-theory duality, we relate this phenomenon to the holomorphic anomaly of the elliptic genus of a two-dimensional noncompact sigma model and compute it independently in two dimensions. The anomaly both in four and in two dimensions can be traced to a topological term in the effective action of six-dimensional (2,0) theory on the tensor branch. We consider generalizations to other manifolds and other gauge groups to show that mock modularity is generic and essential for exhibiting duality when the relevant field space is noncompact.
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The theory of Topological Modular Forms suggests the existence of deformation invariants for two-dimensional supersymmetric field theories that are more refined than the standard elliptic genus. In this note we give a physical definition of some of these invariants. The theory of mock modular forms makes a surprise appearance, shedding light on the integrality properties of some well-known examples.
Using wall-crossing formulae and the theory of mock modular forms we derive a holomorphic anomaly equation for the modified elliptic genus of two M5-branes wrapping a rigid divisor inside a Calabi-Yau manifold. The anomaly originates from restoring modularity of an indefinite theta-function capturing the wall-crossing of BPS invariants associated to D4-D2-D0 brane systems. We show the compatibility of this equation with anomaly equations previously observed in the context of N=4 topological Yang-Mills theory on P^2 and E-strings obtained from wrapping M5-branes on a del Pezzo surface. The non-holomorphic part is related to the contribution originating from bound-states of singly wrapped M5-branes on the divisor. We show in examples that the information provided by the anomaly is enough to compute the BPS degeneracies for certain charges. We further speculate on a natural extension of the anomaly to higher D4-brane charge.
We find and propose an explanation for a large variety of modularity-related symmetries in problems of 3-manifold topology and physics of 3d $mathcal{N}=2$ theories where such structures a priori are not manifest. These modular structures include: mock modular forms, $SL(2,mathbb{Z})$ Weil representations, quantum modular forms, non-semisimple modular tensor categories, and chiral algebras of logarithmic CFTs.
We give a short overview over recent work on finding constraints on partition functions of 2d CFTs from modular invariance. We summarize the constraints on the spectrum and their connection to Calabi-Yau compactifications.
In recent work, we conjectured that Calabi-Yau threefolds defined over $mathbb{Q}$ and admitting a supersymmetric flux compactification are modular, and associated to (the Tate twists of) weight-two cuspidal Hecke eigenforms. In this work, we will address two natural follow-up questions, of both a physical and mathematical nature, that are surprisingly closely related. First, in passing from a complex manifold to a rational variety, as we must do to study modularity, we are implicitly choosing a rational model for the threefold; how do different choices of rational model affect our results? Second, the same modular forms are associated to elliptic curves over $mathbb{Q}$; are these elliptic curves found anywhere in the physical setup? By studying the F-theory uplift of the supersymmetric flux vacua found in the compactification of IIB string theory on (the mirror of) the Calabi-Yau hypersurface $X$ in $mathbb{P}(1,1,2,2,2)$, we find a one-parameter family of elliptic curves whose associated eigenforms exactly match those associated to $X$. Actually, we find two such families, corresponding to two different choices of rational models for the same family of Calabi-Yaus.
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