No Arabic abstract
We consider the problem of evaluating certain types of functional aggregation queries on relational data subject to additive inequalities. Such aggregation queries, with a smallish number of additive inequalities, arise naturally/commonly in many applications, particularly in learning applications. We give a relatively complete categorization of the computational complexity of such problems. We first show that the problem is NP-hard, even in the case of one additive inequality. Thus we turn to approximating the query. Our main result is an efficient algorithm for approximating, with arbitrarily small relative error, many natural aggregation queries with one additive inequality. We give examples of natural queries that can be efficiently solved using this algorithm. In contrast, we show that the situation with two additive inequalities is quite different, by showing that it is NP-hard to evaluate simple aggregation queries, with two additive inequalities, with any bounded relative error.
Given a dataset $mathcal{D}$, we are interested in computing the mean of a subset of $mathcal{D}$ which matches a predicate. ABae leverages stratified sampling and proxy models to efficiently compute this statistic given a sampling budget $N$. In this document, we theoretically analyze ABae and show that the MSE of the estimate decays at rate $O(N_1^{-1} + N_2^{-1} + N_1^{1/2}N_2^{-3/2})$, where $N=K cdot N_1+N_2$ for some integer constant $K$ and $K cdot N_1$ and $N_2$ represent the number of samples used in Stage 1 and Stage 2 of ABae respectively. Hence, if a constant fraction of the total sample budget $N$ is allocated to each stage, we will achieve a mean squared error of $O(N^{-1})$ which matches the rate of mean squared error of the optimal stratified sampling algorithm given a priori knowledge of the predicate positive rate and standard deviation per stratum.
We introduce and study several notions of approximation for ontology-mediated queries based on the description logics ALC and ALCI. Our approximations are of two kinds: we may (1) replace the ontology with one formulated in a tractable ontology language such as ELI or certain TGDs and (2) replace the database with one from a tractable class such as the class of databases whose treewidth is bounded by a constant. We determine the computational complexity and the relative completeness of the resulting approximations. (Almost) all of them reduce the data complexity from coNP-complete to PTime, in some cases even to fixed-parameter tractable and to linear time. While approximations of kind (1) also reduce the combined complexity, this tends to not be the case for approximations of kind (2). In some cases, the combined complexity even increases.
Given a graph $G$, a source node $s$ and a target node $t$, the personalized PageRank (PPR) of $t$ with respect to $s$ is the probability that a random walk starting from $s$ terminates at $t$. An important variant of the PPR query is single-source PPR (SSPPR), which enumerates all nodes in $G$, and returns the top-$k$ nodes with the highest PPR values with respect to a given source $s$. PPR in general and SSPPR in particular have important applications in web search and social networks, e.g., in Twitters Who-To-Follow recommendation service. However, PPR computation is known to be expensive on large graphs, and resistant to indexing. Consequently, previous solutions either use heuristics, which do not guarantee result quality, or rely on the strong computing power of modern data centers, which is costly. Motivated by this, we propose effective index-free and index-based algorithms for approximate PPR processing, with rigorous guarantees on result quality. We first present FORA, an approximate SSPPR solution that combines two existing methods Forward Push (which is fast but does not guarantee quality) and Monte Carlo Random Walk (accurate but slow) in a simple and yet non-trivial way, leading to both high accuracy and efficiency. Further, FORA includes a simple and effective indexing scheme, as well as a module for top-$k$ selection with high pruning power. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed solutions are orders of magnitude more efficient than their respective competitors. Notably, on a billion-edge Twitter dataset, FORA answers a top-500 approximate SSPPR query within 1 second, using a single commodity server.
Given two locations $s$ and $t$ in a road network, a distance query returns the minimum network distance from $s$ to $t$, while a shortest path query computes the actual route that achieves the minimum distance. These two types of queries find important applications in practice, and a plethora of solutions have been proposed in past few decades. The existing solutions, however, are optimized for either practical or asymptotic performance, but not both. In particular, the techniques with enhanced practical efficiency are mostly heuristic-based, and they offer unattractive worst-case guarantees in terms of space and time. On the other hand, the methods that are worst-case efficient often entail prohibitive preprocessing or space overheads, which render them inapplicable for the large road networks (with millions of nodes) commonly used in modern map applications. This paper presents {em Arterial Hierarchy (AH)}, an index structure that narrows the gap between theory and practice in answering shortest path and distance queries on road networks. On the theoretical side, we show that, under a realistic assumption, AH answers any distance query in $tilde{O}(log r)$ time, where $r = d_{max}/d_{min}$, and $d_{max}$ (resp. $d_{min}$) is the largest (resp. smallest) $L_infty$ distance between any two nodes in the road network. In addition, any shortest path query can be answered in $tilde{O}(k + log r)$ time, where $k$ is the number of nodes on the shortest path. On the practical side, we experimentally evaluate AH on a large set of real road networks with up to twenty million nodes, and we demonstrate that (i) AH outperforms the state of the art in terms of query time, and (ii) its space and pre-computation overheads are moderate.
We consider ontology-mediated queries (OMQs) based on expressive description logics of the ALC family and (unions) of conjunctive queries, studying the rewritability into OMQs based on instance queries (IQs). Our results include exact characterizations of when such a rewriting is possible and tight complexity bounds for deciding rewritability. We also give a tight complexity bound for the related problem of deciding whether a given MMSNP sentence is equivalent to a CSP.