No Arabic abstract
In this paper we present novel integrable symplectic maps, associated with ordinary difference equations, and show how they determine, in a remarkably diverse manner, the integrability, including Lax pairs and the explicit solutions, for integrable partial difference equations which are the discrete counterparts of integrable partial differential equations of Korteweg-de Vries-type (KdV-type). As a consequence it is demonstrated that several distinct Hamiltonian systems lead to one and the same difference equation by means of the Liouville integrability framework. Thus, these integrable symplectic maps may provide an efficient tool for characterizing, and determining the integrability of, partial difference equations.
We study the small dispersion limit for the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation $u_t+6uu_x+epsilon^{2}u_{xxx}=0$ in a critical scaling regime where $x$ approaches the trailing edge of the region where the KdV solution shows oscillatory behavior. Using the Riemann-Hilbert approach, we obtain an asymptotic expansion for the KdV solution in a double scaling limit, which shows that the oscillations degenerate to sharp pulses near the trailing edge. Locally those pulses resemble soliton solutions of the KdV equation.
By using the multiple scale method with the simultaneous introduction of multiple times, we study the propagation of long surface-waves in a shallow inviscid fluid. As a consequence of the requirements of scale invariance and absence of secular terms in each order of the perturbative expansion, we show that the Korteweg-de Vries hierarchy equations do appear in the description of such waves. Finally, we show that this procedure of eliminating secularities is closely related to the renormalization technique introduced by Kodama and Taniuti.
In this paper, KdV-type equations with time- and space-dependent coefficients are considered. Assuming that the dispersion coefficient in front of $u_{xxx}$ is positive and uniformly bounded away from the origin and that a primitive function of the ratio between the anti-dissipation and the dispersion coefficients is bounded from below, we prove the existence and uniqueness of a solution $u$ such that $h u$ belongs to a classical Sobolev space, where $h$ is a function related to this ratio. The LWP in $H^s(mathbb{R})$, $s>1/2$, in the classical (Hadamard) sense is also proven under an assumption on the integrability of this ratio. Our approach combines a change of unknown with dispersive estimates. Note that previous results were restricted to $H^s(mathbb{R})$, $s>3/2$, and only used the dispersion to compensate the anti-dissipation and not to lower the Sobolev index required for well-posedness.
In this paper, we consider the discrete power function associated with the sixth Painleve equation. This function is a special solution of the so-called cross-ratio equation with a similarity constraint. We show in this paper that this system is embedded in a cubic lattice with $widetilde{W}(3A_1^{(1)})$ symmetry. By constructing the action of $widetilde{W}(3A_1^{(1)})$ as a subgroup of $widetilde{W}(D_4^{(1)})$, i.e., the symmetry group of P$_{rm VI}$, we show how to relate $widetilde{W}(D_4^{(1)})$ to the symmetry group of the lattice. Moreover, by using translations in $widetilde{W}(3A_1^{(1)})$, we explain the odd-even structure appearing in previously known explicit formulas in terms of the $tau$ function.
Discrete spectral transformations of skew orthogonal polynomials are presented. From these spectral transformations, it is shown that the corresponding discrete integrable systems are derived both in 1+1 dimension and in 2+1 dimension. Especially in the (2+1)-dimensional case, the corresponding system can be extended to 2x2 matrix form. The factorization theorem of the Christoffel kernel for skew orthogonal polynomials in random matrix theory is presented as a by-product of these transformations.