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Register a new userOn-chip coherent microwave-to-optical transduction mediated by ytterbium in YVO$_4$
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Optical networks that distribute entanglement among quantum technologies will form a powerful backbone for quantum science but are yet to interface with leading quantum hardware such as superconducting qubits. Consequently, these systems remain isolated because microwave links at room temperature are noisy and lossy. Building connectivity requires interfaces that map quantum information between microwave and optical fields. While preliminary microwave-to-optical (M2O) transducers have been realized, developing efficient, low-noise devices that match superconducting qubit frequencies (gigahertz) and bandwidths (10 kHz - 1 MHz) remains a challenge. Here we demonstrate a proof-of-concept on-chip M2O transducer using $^{171}mathrm{Yb}^{3+}$-ions in yttrium orthovanadate (YVO) coupled to a nanophotonic waveguide and a microwave transmission line. The devices miniaturization, material, and zero-magnetic-field operation are important advances for rare-earth ion magneto-optical devices. Further integration with high quality factor microwave and optical resonators will enable efficient transduction and create opportunities toward multi-platform quantum networks.
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Quantum transduction between microwave and optical frequencies is important for connecting superconducting quantum platforms in a quantum network. Ensembles of rare-earth ions are promising candidates to achieve this conversion due to their collective coherent properties at microwave and optical frequencies. Erbium ions are of particular interest because of their telecom wavelength optical transitions that are compatible with fiber communication networks. Here, we report the optical and electron spin properties of erbium doped yttrium orthovanadate (Er$^{3+}$:YVO$_{4}$), including high-resolution optical spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance studies and an initial demonstration of microwave to optical conversion of classical fields. The highly absorptive optical transitions and narrow ensemble linewidths make Er$^{3+}$:YVO$_{4}$ promising for magneto-optic quantum transduction.
We describe a scheme to coherently convert a microwave photon of a superconducting co-planar waveguide resonator to an optical photon emitted into a well-defined temporal and spatial mode. The conversion is realized by a cold atomic ensemble trapped above the surface of the superconducting atom chip, near the antinode of the microwave cavity. The microwave photon couples to a strong Rydberg transition of the atoms that are also driven by a pair of laser fields with appropriate frequencies and wavevectors for an efficient wave-mixing process. With only few thousand atoms in an ensemble of moderate density, the microwave photon can be completely converted into an optical photon emitted with high probability into the phase matched direction and, e.g., fed into a fiber waveguide. This scheme operates in a free-space configuration, without requiring strong coupling of the atoms to a resonant optical cavity.
Atomic vapors offer many opportunities for manipulating electromagnetic signals across a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Here, a microwave signal with an audio-frequency modulation encodes information in an optical signal by exploiting an atomic microwave-to-optical double resonance, and magnetic-field coupling that is amplified by a resonant high-Q microwave cavity. Using this approach, audio signals are encoded as amplitude or frequency modulations in a GHz carrier, transmitted through a cable or over free space, demodulated through cavity-enhanced atom-microwave interactions, and finally, optically detected to extract the original information. This atom-cavity signal transduction technique provides a powerful means by which to transfer information between microwave and optical fields, all using a relatively simple experimental setup without active electronics.
Low-loss fiber optic links have the potential to connect superconducting quantum processors together over long distances to form large scale quantum networks. A key component of these future networks is a quantum transducer that coherently and bidirectionally converts photons from microwave frequencies to optical frequencies. We present a platform for electro-optic photon conversion based on silicon-organic hybrid photonics. Our device combines high quality factor microwave and optical resonators with an electro-optic polymer cladding to perform microwave-to-optical photon conversion from 6.7 GHz to 193 THz (1558 nm). The device achieves an electro-optic coupling rate of 330 Hz in a millikelvin dilution refrigerator environment. We use an optical heterodyne measurement technique to demonstrate the single-sideband nature of the conversion with a selectivity of approximately 10 dB. We analyze the effects of stray light in our device and suggest ways in which this can be mitigated. Finally, we present initial results on high-impedance spiral resonators designed to increase the electro-optic coupling.
Modern fiber-optic coherent communications employ advanced spectrally-efficient modulation formats that require sophisticated narrow linewidth local oscillators (LOs) and complex digital signal processing (DSP). Here, we establish a novel approach to carrier recovery harnessing large-gain stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) on a photonic chip for up to 116.82 Gbit/sec self-coherent optical signals, eliminating the need for a separate LO. In contrast to SBS processing on-fiber, our solution provides phase and polarization stability while the narrow SBS linewidth allows for a record-breaking small guardband of ~265 MHz, resulting in higher spectral-efficiency than benchmark self-coherent schemes. This approach reveals comparable performance to state-of-the-art coherent optical receivers without requiring advanced DSP. Our demonstration develops a low-noise and frequency-preserving filter that synchronously regenerates a low-power narrowband optical tone that could relax the requirements on very-high-order modulation signaling and be useful in long-baseline interferometry for precision optical timing or reconstructing a reference tone for quantum-state measurements.
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