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In the next few years, the 21cm line will enable direct observations of the Dark Ages, Cosmic Dawn, and Reionization, which represent previously unexplored periods in our cosmic history. With a combination of sky-averaged global signal measurements and spatial mapping surveys, the possible science return is enormous. This potentially includes (but is not limited to) constraints on first-generation galaxies (such as their typical masses and luminosities), constraints on cosmological parameters, a measurement of the Hubble parameter at z~15 to 20, the elimination of the optical depth nuisance parameter in the CMB, and searches for exotic phenomena such as baryon-dark matter couplings. To enable continued Canadian leadership in these science opportunities, we recommend 1) continued investments in 21cm experiments at all redshifts, 2) detailed analysis efforts of current data to overcome systematic effects, 3) new investments in preliminary experiments to explore the truly low-frequency sky as a stepping stone towards the Dark Ages, 4) new investments in line-intensity mapping experiments beyond the 21cm line, 5) continued theory support for 21cm cosmology, and 6) continued participation and knowledge transfer to next-generation international efforts such as the Square Kilometre Array.
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Line-intensity mapping of the 21cm line is a powerful probe of large scale structure at z<6, tracing large-scale structure via neutral hydrogen content that is found within galaxies. In principle, it enables cost-efficient surveys of the matter distribution up to z~6, unlocking orders of magnitude more modes for observational cosmology. Canada has been a traditional leader in this field, having led the first detections of the cosmological 21cm signal via cross-correlations with optical galaxy surveys and having constructed the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME). The field is now entering a new era where data is abundant, allowing studies in how to overcome systematics to be tackled in an empirical, head-on fashion. In the next few years, this will produce the first detection of the 21cm auto power spectrum, which will pave the way towards a large suite of scientific possibilities. These potentially include precision measurements on the dark energy equation of state and other LCDM parameters, constraints on how HI mass traces dark matter, a detection of neutrino effects on large-scale structure, and the use of 21cm lensing to further constrain cosmology. To turn these promising directions into reality, we recommend a sustained program of investment in 21cm cosmology, starting with funding for the Canadian Hydrogen Observatory and Radio transient Detector (CHORD), followed by small-scale development efforts targeting next-generation hardware and sustained support for theory and technical staff support. Additionally, Canada should invest in complementary line-intensity mapping efforts (such as with CO or [CII] lines) and maintain participation in next-generation international efforts such as the Packed Ultra-wideband Mapping Array (PUMA) and the Square Kilometre Array (SKA).
We investigate the possibility of performing cosmological studies in the redshift range $2.5<z<5$ through suitable extensions of existing and upcoming radio-telescopes like CHIME, HIRAX and FAST. We use the Fisher matrix technique to forecast the bounds that those instruments can place on the growth rate, the BAO distance scale parameters, the sum of the neutrino masses and the number of relativistic degrees of freedom at decoupling, $N_{rm eff}$. We point out that quantities that depend on the amplitude of the 21cm power spectrum, like $fsigma_8$, are completely degenerate with $Omega_{rm HI}$ and $b_{rm HI}$, and propose several strategies to independently constraint them through cross-correlations with other probes. Assuming $5%$ priors on $Omega_{rm HI}$ and $b_{rm HI}$, $k_{rm max}=0.2~h{rm Mpc}^{-1}$ and the primary beam wedge, we find that a HIRAX extension can constrain, within bins of $Delta z=0.1$: 1) the value of $fsigma_8$ at $simeq4%$, 2) the value of $D_A$ and $H$ at $simeq1%$. In combination with data from Euclid-like galaxy surveys and CMB S4, the sum of the neutrino masses can be constrained with an error equal to $23$ meV ($1sigma$), while $N_{rm eff}$ can be constrained within 0.02 ($1sigma$). We derive similar constraints for the extensions of the other instruments. We study in detail the dependence of our results on the instrument, amplitude of the HI bias, the foreground wedge coverage, the nonlinear scale used in the analysis, uncertainties in the theoretical modeling and the priors on $b_{rm HI}$ and $Omega_{rm HI}$. We conclude that 21cm intensity mapping surveys operating in this redshift range can provide extremely competitive constraints on key cosmological parameters.
Future Square Kilometre Array (SKA) surveys are expected to generate huge datasets of 21cm maps on cosmological scales from the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). We assess the viability of exploiting machine learning techniques, namely, convolutional neural networks (CNN), to simultaneously estimate the astrophysical and cosmological parameters from 21cm maps from semi-numerical simulations. We further convert the simulated 21cm maps into SKA-like mock maps using the detailed SKA antennae distribution, thermal noise and a recipe for foreground cleaning. We successfully design two CNN architectures (VGGNet-like and ResNet-like) that are both efficiently able to extract simultaneously three astrophysical parameters, namely the photon escape fraction (f$_{rm esc}$), the ionizing emissivity power dependence on halo mass ($C_{rm ion}$) and the ionizing emissivity redshift evolution index ($D_{rm ion}$), and three cosmological parameters, namely the matter density parameter ($Omega_{m}$), the dimensionless Hubble constant ($h$), and the matter fluctuation amplitude ($sigma_{8}$), from 21cm maps at several redshifts. With the presence of noise from SKA, our designed CNNs are still able to recover these astrophysical and cosmological parameters with great accuracy ($R^{2} > 92%$), improving to $R^{2} > 99%$ towards low redshift and low neutral fraction values. Our results show that future 21cm observations can play a key role to break degeneracy between models and tightly constrain the astrophysical and cosmological parameters, using only few frequency channels.
Calibrating the photometric redshifts of >10^9 galaxies for upcoming weak lensing cosmology experiments is a major challenge for the astrophysics community. The path to obtaining the required spectroscopic redshifts for training and calibration is daunting, given the anticipated depths of the surveys and the difficulty in obtaining secure redshifts for some faint galaxy populations. Here we present an analysis of the problem based on the self-organizing map, a method of mapping the distribution of data in a high-dimensional space and projecting it onto a lower-dimensional representation. We apply this method to existing photometric data from the COSMOS survey selected to approximate the anticipated Euclid weak lensing sample, enabling us to robustly map the empirical distribution of galaxies in the multidimensional color space defined by the expected Euclid filters. Mapping this multicolor distribution lets us determine where - in galaxy color space - redshifts from current spectroscopic surveys exist and where they are systematically missing. Crucially, the method lets us determine whether a spectroscopic training sample is representative of the full photometric space occupied by the galaxies in a survey. We explore optimal sampling techniques and estimate the additional spectroscopy needed to map out the color-redshift relation, finding that sampling the galaxy distribution in color space in a systematic way can efficiently meet the calibration requirements. While the analysis presented here focuses on the Euclid survey, similar analysis can be applied to other surveys facing the same calibration challenge, such as DES, LSST, and WFIRST.
In addition to being a probe of Cosmic Dawn and Epoch of Reionization astrophysics, the 21cm line at $z>6$ is also a powerful way to constrain cosmology. Its power derives from several unique capabilities. First, the 21cm line is sensitive to energy injections into the intergalactic medium at high redshifts. It also increases the number of measurable modes compared to existing cosmological probes by orders of magnitude. Many of these modes are on smaller scales than are accessible via the CMB, and moreover have the advantage of being firmly in the linear regime (making them easy to model theoretically). Finally, the 21cm line provides access to redshifts prior to the formation of luminous objects. Together, these features of 21cm cosmology at $z>6$ provide multiple pathways toward precise cosmological constraints. These include the marginalizing out of astrophysical effects, the utilization of redshift space distortions, the breaking of CMB degeneracies, the identification of signatures of relative velocities between baryons and dark matter, and the discovery of unexpected signs of physics beyond the $Lambda$CDM paradigm at high redshifts.
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