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Register a new userNonequilibrium Thermodynamics of Acoustic Phonons in Suspended Graphene
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Recent theory has predicted large temperature differences between the in-plane (LA and TA) and out-of-plane (ZA) acoustic phonon baths in locally-heated suspended graphene. To verify these predictions, and their implications for understanding the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of 2D materials, experimental techniques are needed. Here, we present a method to determine the acoustic phonon bath temperatures from the frequency-dependent mechanical response of suspended graphene to a power modulated laser. The mechanical motion reveals two counteracting contributions to the thermal expansion force, that are attributed to fast positive thermal expansion by the in-plane phonons and slower negative thermal expansion by the out-of-plane phonons. The magnitude of the two forces reveals that the in-plane and flexural acoustic phonons are at very different temperatures in the steady-state, with typically observed values of the ratio $Delta T_{mathrm{LA+TA}}/Delta T_{mathrm{ZA}}$ between 0.2 and 3.7. These deviations from the generally used local thermal equilibrium assumption ($Delta T_{mathrm{LA+TA}}=Delta T_{mathrm{ZA}}$) can affect the experimental analysis of thermal properties of 2D materials.
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