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In this paper we consider the existence and regularity of weakly polyharmonic almost complex structures on a compact almost Hermitian manifold $M^{2m}$. Such objects satisfy the elliptic system weakly $[J, Delta^m J]=0$. We prove a very general regularity theorem for semilinear systems in critical dimensions (with emph{critical growth nonlinearities}). In particular we prove that weakly biharmonic almost complex structures are smooth in dimension four.
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We study the existence and regularity of energy-minimizing harmonic almost complex structures. We have proved results similar to the theory of harmonic maps, notably the classical results of Schoen-Uhlenbeck and recent advance by Cheeger-Naber.
We prove necessary and sufficient conditions for a smooth surface in a 4-manifold X to be pseudoholomorphic with respect to some almost complex structure on X. This provides a systematic approach to the construction of pseudoholomorphic curves that do not minimize the genus in their homology class.
We define and study the harmonic heat flow for almost complex structures which are compatible with a Riemannian structure $(M, g)$. This is a tensor-valued version of harmonic map heat flow. We prove that if the initial almost complex structure $J$ has small energy (depending on the norm $| abla J|$), then the flow exists for all time and converges to a Kahler structure. We also prove that there is a finite time singularity if the initial energy is sufficiently small but there is no Kahler structure in the homotopy class. A main technical tool is a version of monotonicity formula, similar as in the theory of the harmonic map heat flow. We also construct an almost complex structure on a flat four tori with small energy such that the harmonic heat flow blows up at finite time with such an initial data.
An almost contact metric structure is parametrized by a section of an associated homogeneous fibre bundle, and conditions for this to be a harmonic section, and a harmonic map, are studied. These involve the characteristic vector field, and the almost complex structure in the contact subbundle. Several examples are given where the harmonic section equations reduce to those for the characteristic field to be a harmonic section of the unit tangent bundle. These include trans-Sasakian structures, and certain nearly cosymplectic structures. On the other hand, we obtain examples where the characteristic field is harmonic but the almost contact structure is not. Many of our examples are obtained by considering hypersurfaces of almost Hermitian manifolds, with the induced almost contact structure, and comparing the harmonic section equations for both structures.
We introduce the notion of emph{biharmonic almost complex structure} on a compact almost Hermitian manifold and we study its regularity and existence in dimension four. First we show that there always exist smooth energy-minimizing biharmonic almost complex structures for any almost Hermitian structure on a compact almost complex four manifold, and all energy-minimizers form a compact set. Then we study the existence problem when the homotopy class of an almost complex structure is specified. We obtain existence of energy-minimizing biharmonic almost complex structures which depends on the topology of $M^4$. When $M$ is simply-connected and non-spin, then for each homotopy class which is uniquely determined by its first Chern class, there exists an energy-minimizing biharmonic almost complex structure. When $M$ is simply-connected and spin, for each first Chern class, there are exactly two homotopy classes corresponding to the first Chern class. Given a homotopy class $[tau]$ of an almost complex structure, there exists a canonical operation on the homotopy classes $p$ satisfying $p^2=text{id}$ such that $p([tau])$ and $[tau]$ have the same first Chern class. We prove that there exists an energy-minimizing biharmonic almost complex structure in (at least) one of the two homotopy classes, $[tau]$ and $p([tau])$. In general if $M$ is not necessarily simply-connected, we prove that there exists an energy-minimizing biharmonic almost complex structure in (at least) one of the two homotopy classes $[tau]$ and $p([tau])$. The study of biharmonic almost complex structures should have many applications, in particular for the smooth topology of the underlying almost complex four manifold. We briefly discuss an approach by considering the moduli space of biharmonic almost complex structures and propose a conjecture.
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