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We provide new answers about the placement of mass on spheres so as to minimize energies of pairwise interactions. We find optimal measures for the $p$-frame energies, i.e. energies with the kernel given by the absolute value of the inner product raised to a positive power $p$. Application of linear programming methods in the setting of projective spaces allows for describing the minimizing measures in full in several cases: we show optimality of tight designs and of the $600$-cell for several ranges of $p$ in different dimensions. Our methods apply to a much broader class of potential functions, those which are absolutely monotonic up to a particular order as functions of the cosine of the geodesic distance. In addition, a preliminary numerical study is presented which suggests optimality of several other highly symmetric configurations and weighted designs in low dimensions. In one case we improve the best known lower bounds on a minimal sized weighted design in $mathbb{CP}^4$. All these results point to the discreteness of minimizing measures for the $p$-frame energy with $p$ not an even integer.
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For a collection of $N$ unit vectors $mathbf{X}={x_i}_{i=1}^N$, define the $p$-frame energy of $mathbf{X}$ as the quantity $sum_{i eq j} |langle x_i,x_j rangle|^p$. In this paper, we connect the problem of minimizing this value to another optimization problem, so giving new lower bounds for such energies. In particular, for $p<2$, we prove that this energy is at least $2(N-d) p^{-frac p 2} (2-p)^{frac {p-2} 2}$ which is sharp for $dleq Nleq 2d$ and $p=1$. We prove that for $1leq m<d$, a repeated orthonormal basis construction of $N=d+m$ vectors minimizes the energy over an interval, $pin[1,p_m]$, and demonstrate an analogous result for all $N$ in the case $d=2$. Finally, in connection, we give conjectures on these and other energies.
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