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Register a new userAutomatic Grading of Individual Knee Osteoarthritis Features in Plain Radiographs using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
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Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal disease in the world. In primary healthcare, knee OA is diagnosed using clinical examination and radiographic assessment. Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) atlas of OA radiographic features allows to perform independent assessment of knee osteophytes, joint space narrowing and other knee features. This provides a fine-grained OA severity assessment of the knee, compared to the gold standard and most commonly used Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) composite score. However, both OARSI and KL grading systems suffer from moderate inter-rater agreement, and therefore, the use of computer-aided methods could help to improve the reliability of the process. In this study, we developed a robust, automatic method to simultaneously predict KL and OARSI grades in knee radiographs. Our method is based on Deep Learning and leverages an ensemble of deep residual networks with 50 layers, squeeze-excitation and ResNeXt blocks. Here, we used transfer learning from ImageNet with a fine-tuning on the whole Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) dataset. An independent testing of our model was performed on the whole Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST) dataset. Our multi-task method yielded Cohens kappa coefficients of 0.82 for KL-grade and 0.79, 0.84, 0.94, 0.83, 0.84, 0.90 for femoral osteophytes, tibial osteophytes and joint space narrowing for lateral and medial compartments respectively. Furthermore, our method yielded area under the ROC curve of 0.98 and average precision of 0.98 for detecting the presence of radiographic OA (KL $geq 2$), which is better than the current state-of-the-art.
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Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal disorder. OA diagnosis is currently conducted by assessing symptoms and evaluating plain radiographs, but this process suffers from subjectivity. In this study, we present a new transparent computer-aided diagnosis method based on the Deep Siamese Convolutional Neural Network to automatically score knee OA severity according to the Kellgren-Lawrence grading scale. We trained our method using the data solely from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study and validated it on randomly selected 3,000 subjects (5,960 knees) from Osteoarthritis Initiative dataset. Our method yielded a quadratic Kappa coefficient of 0.83 and average multiclass accuracy of 66.71% compared to the annotations given by a committee of clinical experts. Here, we also report a radiological OA diagnosis area under the ROC curve of 0.93. We also present attention maps -- given as a class probability distribution -- highlighting the radiological features affecting the network decision. This information makes the decision process transparent for the practitioner, which builds better trust toward automatic methods. We believe that our model is useful for clinical decision making and for OA research; therefore, we openly release our training codes and the data set created in this study.
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer-related death after lung cancer and breast cancer worldwide. The risk of developing colorectal cancer could be reduced by early diagnosis of polyps during a colonoscopy. Computer-aided diagnosis systems have the potential to be applied for polyp screening and reduce the number of missing polyps. In this paper, we compare the performance of different deep learning architectures as feature extractors, i.e. ResNet, DenseNet, InceptionV3, InceptionResNetV2 and SE-ResNeXt in the encoder part of a U-Net architecture. We validated the performance of presented ensemble models on the CVC-Clinic (GIANA 2018) dataset. The DenseNet169 feature extractor combined with U-Net architecture outperformed the other counterparts and achieved an accuracy of 99.15%, Dice similarity coefficient of 90.87%, and Jaccard index of 83.82%.
Chest radiograph (CXR) interpretation in pediatric patients is error-prone and requires a high level of understanding of radiologic expertise. Recently, deep convolutional neural networks (D-CNNs) have shown remarkable performance in interpreting CXR in adults. However, there is a lack of evidence indicating that D-CNNs can recognize accurately multiple lung pathologies from pediatric CXR scans. In particular, the development of diagnostic models for the detection of pediatric chest diseases faces significant challenges such as (i) lack of physician-annotated datasets and (ii) class imbalance problems. In this paper, we retrospectively collect a large dataset of 5,017 pediatric CXR scans, for which each is manually labeled by an experienced radiologist for the presence of 10 common pathologies. A D-CNN model is then trained on 3,550 annotated scans to classify multiple pediatric lung pathologies automatically. To address the high-class imbalance issue, we propose to modify and apply Distribution-Balanced loss for training D-CNNs which reshapes the standard Binary-Cross Entropy loss (BCE) to efficiently learn harder samples by down-weighting the loss assigned to the majority classes. On an independent test set of 777 studies, the proposed approach yields an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) of 0.709 (95% CI, 0.690-0.729). The sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score at the cutoff value are 0.722 (0.694-0.750), 0.579 (0.563-0.595), and 0.389 (0.373-0.405), respectively. These results significantly outperform previous state-of-the-art methods on most of the target diseases. Moreover, our ablation studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed loss function compared to other standard losses, e.g., BCE and Focal Loss, for this learning task. Overall, we demonstrate the potential of D-CNNs in interpreting pediatric CXRs.
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal disease without a cure, and current treatment options are limited to symptomatic relief. Prediction of OA progression is a very challenging and timely issue, and it could, if resolved, accelerate the disease modifying drug development and ultimately help to prevent millions of total joint replacement surgeries performed annually. Here, we present a multi-modal machine learning-based OA progression prediction model that utilizes raw radiographic data, clinical examination results and previous medical history of the patient. We validated this approach on an independent test set of 3,918 knee images from 2,129 subjects. Our method yielded area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.79 (0.78-0.81) and Average Precision (AP) of 0.68 (0.66-0.70). In contrast, a reference approach, based on logistic regression, yielded AUC of 0.75 (0.74-0.77) and AP of 0.62 (0.60-0.64). The proposed method could significantly improve the subject selection process for OA drug-development trials and help the development of personalized therapeutic plans.
Breast cancer has become one of the most prevalent cancers by which people all over the world are affected and is posed serious threats to human beings, in a particular woman. In order to provide effective treatment or prevention of this cancer, disease diagnosis in the early stages would be of high importance. There have been various methods to detect this disorder in which using images have to play a dominant role. Deep learning has been recently adopted widely in different areas of science, especially medicine. In breast cancer detection problems, some diverse deep learning techniques have been developed on different datasets and resulted in good accuracy. In this article, we aimed to present a deep neural network model to classify histopathological images from the Databiox image dataset as the first application on this image database. Our proposed model named BCNet has taken advantage of the transfer learning approach in which VGG16 is selected from available pertained models as a feature extractor. Furthermore, to address the problem of insufficient data, we employed the data augmentation technique to expand the input dataset. All implementations in this research, ranging from pre-processing actions to depicting the diagram of the model architecture, have been carried out using tf.keras API. As a consequence of the proposed model execution, the significant validation accuracy of 88% and evaluation accuracy of 72% obtained.
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