No Arabic abstract
Let $(X_1,dots,X_m)$ be self-adjoint non-commutative random variables distributed according to the free Gibbs law given by a sufficiently regular convex and semi-concave potential $V$, and let $(S_1,dots,S_m)$ be a free semicircular family. We show that conditional expectations and conditional non-microstates free entropy given $X_1$, dots, $X_k$ arise as the large $N$ limit of the corresponding conditional expectations and entropy for the random matrix models associated to $V$. Then by studying conditional transport of measure for the matrix models, we construct an isomorphism $mathrm{W}^*(X_1,dots,X_m) to mathrm{W}^*(S_1,dots,S_m)$ which maps $mathrm{W}^*(X_1,dots,X_k)$ to $mathrm{W}^*(S_1,dots,S_k)$ for each $k = 1, dots, m$, and which also witnesses the Talagrand inequality for the law of $(X_1,dots,X_m)$ relative to the law of $(S_1,dots,S_m)$.
We introduce a class of independence relations, which include free, Boolean and monotone independence, in operator valued probability. We show that this class of independence relations have a matricial extension property so that we can easily study their associated convolutions via Voiculescus fully matricial function theory. Based the matricial extension property, we show that many results can be generalized to multi-variable cases. Besides free, Boolean and monotone independence convolutions, we will focus on two important convolutions, which are orthogonal and subordination additive convolutions. We show that the operator-valued subordination functions, which come from the free additive convolutions or the operator-valued free convolution powers, are reciprocal Cauchy transforms of operator-valued random variables which are uniquely determined up to Voiculescus fully matricial function theory. In the end, we study relations between certain convolutions and transforms in $C^*$-operator valued probability.
We present an alternative approach to the theory of free Gibbs states with convex potentials. Instead of solving SDEs, we combine PDE techniques with a notion of asymptotic approximability by trace polynomials for a sequence of functions on $M_N(mathbb{C})_{sa}^m$ to prove the following. Suppose $mu_N$ is a probability measure on on $M_N(mathbb{C})_{sa}^m$ given by uniformly convex and semi-concave potentials $V_N$, and suppose that the sequence $DV_N$ is asymptotically approximable by trace polynomials. Then the moments of $mu_N$ converge to a non-commutative law $lambda$. Moreover, the free entropies $chi(lambda)$, $underline{chi}(lambda)$, and $chi^*(lambda)$ agree and equal the limit of the normalized classical entropies of $mu_N$.
We study the free probabilistic analog of optimal couplings for the quadratic cost, where classical probability spaces are replaced by tracial von Neumann algebras and probability measures on $mathbb{R}^m$ are replaced by non-commutative laws of $m$-tuples. We prove an analog of the Monge-Kantorovich duality which characterizes optimal couplings of non-commutative laws with respect to Biane and Voiculescus non-commutative $L^2$-Wasserstein distance using a new type of convex functions. As a consequence, we show that if $(X,Y)$ is a pair of optimally coupled $m$-tuples of non-commutative random variables in a tracial $mathrm{W}^*$-algebra $mathcal{A}$, then $mathrm{W}^*((1 - t)X + tY) = mathrm{W}^*(X,Y)$ for all $t in (0,1)$. Finally, we illustrate the subtleties of non-commutative optimal couplings through connections with results in quantum information theory and operator algebras. For instance, two non-commutative laws that can be realized in finite-dimensional algebras may still require an infinite-dimensional algebra to optimally couple. Moreover, the space of non-commutative laws of $m$-tuples is not separable with respect to the Wasserstein distance for $m > 1$.
We develop the complex-analytic viewpoint on the tree convolutions studied by the second author and Weihua Liu in An operad of non-commutative independences defined by trees (Dissertationes Mathematicae, 2020, doi:10.4064/dm797-6-2020), which generalize the free, boolean, monotone, and orthogonal convolutions. In particular, for each rooted subtree $mathcal{T}$ of the $N$-regular tree (with vertices labeled by alternating strings), we define the convolution $boxplus_{mathcal{T}}(mu_1,dots,mu_N)$ for arbitrary probability measures $mu_1$, ..., $mu_N$ on $mathbb{R}$ using a certain fixed-point equation for the Cauchy transforms. The convolution operations respect the operad structure of the tree operad from doi:10.4064/dm797-6-2020. We prove a general limit theorem for iterated $mathcal{T}$-free convolution similar to Bercovici and Patas results in the free case in Stable laws and domains of attraction in free probability (Annals of Mathematics, 1999, doi:10.2307/121080), and we deduce limit theorems for measures in the domain of attraction of each of the classical stable laws.
Markov categories are a recent category-theoretic approach to the foundations of probability and statistics. Here we develop this approach further by treating infinite products and the Kolmogorov extension theorem. This is relevant for all aspects of probability theory in which infinitely many random variables appear at a time. These infinite tensor products $bigotimes_{i in J} X_i$ come in t