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Register a new userA quantitative approach to select PMTs for large detectors
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Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are widely used in neutrino and other experiments for the detection of weak light. To date PMTs are the most sensitive single photon detector per unit area. In addition to the quantum efficiency for photon detection, there are a number of other specifications, such as rate and amplitude of after-pulses, dark noise rate, transit time spread, radioactive background of glass, peak-to-valley ratio, etc. All affect the photon detection and hence the physics goals. In addition, cost is another major factor for large experiments. It is important to know how to properly take into account all these parameters and choose the most appropriate PMTs. In this paper, we present an approach to quantify the impact of all parameters on the physics goals, including cost and risk. This method has been successfully used in the JUNO experiment. It can be applied to other experiments with large number of PMTs.
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Jiangmen Underground neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a next generation liquid scintillator neutrino experiment under construction phase in South China. Thanks to the anti-neutrinos produced by the nearby nuclear power plants, JUNO will primarily study the neutrino mass hierarchy, one of the open key questions in neutrino physics. One key ingredient for the success of the measurement is to use high speed, high resolution sampling electronics located very close to the detector signal. Linearity in the response of the electronics in another important ingredient for the success of the experiment. During the initial design phase of the electronics, a custom design, with the Front-End and Read-Out electronics located very close to the detector analog signal has been developed and successfully tested. The present paper describes the electronics structure and the first tests performed on the prototypes. The electronics prototypes have been tested and they show good linearity response, with a maximum deviation of 1.3% over the full dynamic range (1-1000 p.e.), fulfilling the JUNO experiment requirements.
The main goal of the JUNO experiment is the determination of the neutrino mass ordering. To achieve this, an extraordinary energy resolution of at least $3,%$ at $1,$MeV is required for which all parts of the JUNO detector need to meet certain quality criteria. This is relevant in particular for those which are related to the energy resolution of the detector, such as the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) to be deployed in JUNO. This paper presents the setup and performance of a dedicated PMT mass testing facility to examine and characterize the performance of the 20-inch JUNO PMTs. Its quasi-industrial size and operation level allows to test all 20000 PMTs intended to be used in the JUNO experiment. With this PMT mass testing system, several key characteristics like dark count rate, peak-to-valley ratio, photon detection efficiency, and timing resolution have been determined at an operating gain of $1times10^7$ and assessed with respect to the requirements of JUNO. Measurement conditions and modes for the PMTs as well as estimated accuracies for the determination of the individual PMT parameters with the system are presented as well.
Liquid scintillators are commonly used to detect low energy neutrinos from the reactors, sun, and earth. It is a challenge to reconstruct deposited energies for a large liquid scintillator detector. For detectors with multiple optical mediums such as JUNO and SNO+, the prediction of the propagation of detected photons is extremely difficult due to mixed optical processes such as Rayleigh scattering, refraction and total reflection at their boundaries. Calibration based reconstruction methods consume impractical time since a large number of calibration points are required in a giant detector. In this paper, we propose a new model-independent method to reconstruct deposited energies with minimum requirements on the calibration system. This method is validated with JUNOs offline software. Monte Carlo studies show that the energy non-uniformity can be controlled below 1%, which is crucial for JUNO to achieve 3% energy resolution.
A new radiation sensor derived from plasma panel display technology is introduced. It has the capability to detect ionizing and non-ionizing radiation over a wide energy range and the potential for use in many applications. The principle of operation is described and some early results presented.
MAGIX is a planned experiment that will be implemented at the upcoming accelerator MESA in Mainz. Due to its location in the energy-recovering lane of the accelerator beam-currents up to 1mA with a maximum energy of 105 MeV will be available for precision experiments. MAGIX itself consists of a jet-target and two magnetic spectrometers. Inside the spectrometers GEM-based detectors will be used in the focal plane for track reconstruction. The design goals for the detector modules are a spatial resolution of 50 um, a size of 1.20 m x 0.3 m and a minimal material budget. To accomplish these goals we started developing several GEM-prototypes to study different behaviors and techniques to optimize the final detector design. The GEM foils used are provided by CERN and are trained, stretched and framed in our laboratory. The readout is done with an SRS based system. In this contribution the requirements, achievements and the ongoing developments are presented.
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