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Register a new userNuclear Environments Inspection with Micro Aerial Vehicles: Algorithms and Experiments
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Added by
Dinesh Thakur
Publication date
2019
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
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In this work, we address the estimation, planning, control and mapping problems to allow a small quadrotor to autonomously inspect the interior of hazardous damaged nuclear sites. These algorithms run onboard on a computationally limited CPU. We investigate the effect of varying illumination on the system performance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first fully autonomous system of this size and scale applied to inspect the interior of a full scale mock-up of a Primary Containment Vessel (PCV). The proposed solution opens up new ways to inspect nuclear reactors and to support nuclear decommissioning, which is well known to be a dangerous, long and tedious process. Experimental results with varying illumination conditions show the ability to navigate a full scale mock-up PCV pedestal and create a map of the environment, while concurrently avoiding obstacles.
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Indoor localization for autonomous micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) requires specific localization techniques, since the Global Positioning System (GPS) is usually not available. We present an efficient onboard computer vision approach that estimates 2D positions of an MAV in real-time. This global localization system does not suffer from error accumulation over time and uses a $k$-Nearest Neighbors ($k$-NN) algorithm to predict positions based on textons---small characteristic image patches that capture the texture of an environment. A particle filter aggregates the estimates and resolves positional ambiguities. To predict the performance of the approach in a given setting, we developed an evaluation technique that compares environments and identifies critical areas within them. We conducted flight tests to demonstrate the applicability of our approach. The algorithm has a localization accuracy of approximately 0.6 m on a 5 m$times$5 m area at a runtime of 32 ms on board of an MAV. Based on random sampling, its computational effort is scalable to different platforms, trading off speed and accuracy.
There exists an increasing demand for a flexible and computationally efficient controller for micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) due to a high degree of environmental perturbations. In this work, an evolving neuro-fuzzy controller, namely Parsimonious Controller (PAC) is proposed. It features fewer network parameters than conventional approaches due to the absence of rule premise parameters. PAC is built upon a recently developed evolving neuro-fuzzy system known as parsimonious learning machine (PALM) and adopts new rule growing and pruning modules derived from the approximation of bias and variance. These rule adaptation methods have no reliance on user-defined thresholds, thereby increasing the PACs autonomy for real-time deployment. PAC adapts the consequent parameters with the sliding mode control (SMC) theory in the single-pass fashion. The boundedness and convergence of the closed-loop control systems tracking error and the controllers consequent parameters are confirmed by utilizing the LaSalle-Yoshizawa theorem. Lastly, the controllers efficacy is evaluated by observing various trajectory tracking performance from a bio-inspired flapping-wing micro aerial vehicle (BI-FWMAV) and a rotary wing micro aerial vehicle called hexacopter. Furthermore, it is compared to three distinctive controllers. Our PAC outperforms the linear PID controller and feed-forward neural network (FFNN) based nonlinear adaptive controller. Compared to its predecessor, G-controller, the tracking accuracy is comparable, but the PAC incurs significantly fewer parameters to attain similar or better performance than the G-controller.
Industrial facilities often require periodic visual inspections of key installations. Examining these points of interest is time consuming, potentially hazardous or require special equipment to reach. MAVs are ideal platforms to automate this expensive and tedious task. In this work we present a novel system that enables a human operator to teach a visual inspection task to an autonomous aerial vehicle by simply demonstrating the task using a handheld device. To enable robust operation in confined, GPS-denied environments, the system employs the Google Tango visual-inertial mapping framework as the only source of pose estimates. In a first step the operator records the desired inspection path and defines the inspection points. The mapping framework then computes a feature-based localization map, which is shared with the robot. After take-off, the robot estimates its pose based on this map and plans a smooth trajectory through the way points defined by the operator. Furthermore, the system is able to track the poses of other robots or the operator, localized in the same map, and follow them in real-time while keeping a safe distance.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are getting closer to becoming ubiquitous in everyday life. Among them, Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) have seen an outburst of attention recently, specifically in the area with a demand for autonomy. A key challenge standing in the way of making MAVs autonomous is that researchers lack the comprehensive understanding of how performance, power, and computational bottlenecks affect MAV applications. MAVs must operate under a stringent power budget, which severely limits their flight endurance time. As such, there is a need for new tools, benchmarks, and methodologies to foster the systematic development of autonomous MAVs. In this paper, we introduce the `MAVBench framework which consists of a closed-loop simulator and an end-to-end application benchmark suite. A closed-loop simulation platform is needed to probe and understand the intra-system (application data flow) and inter-system (system and environment) interactions in MAV applications to pinpoint bottlenecks and identify opportunities for hardware and software co-design and optimization. In addition to the simulator, MAVBench provides a benchmark suite, the first of its kind, consisting of a variety of MAV applications designed to enable computer architects to perform characterization and develop future aerial computing systems. Using our open source, end-to-end experimental platform, we uncover a hidden, and thus far unexpected compute to total system energy relationship in MAVs. Furthermore, we explore the role of compute by presenting three case studies targeting performance, energy and reliability. These studies confirm that an efficient system design can improve MAVs battery consumption by up to 1.8X.
We present an open-source system for Micro-Aerial Vehicle autonomous navigation from vision-based sensing. Our system focuses on dense mapping, safe local planning, and global trajectory generation, especially when using narrow field of view sensors in very cluttered environments. In addition, details about other necessary parts of the system and special considerations for applications in real-world scenarios are presented. We focus our experiments on evaluating global planning, path smoothing, and local planning methods on real maps made on MAVs in realistic search and rescue and industrial inspection scenarios. We also perform thousands of simulations in cluttered synthetic environments, and finally validate the complete system in real-world experiments.
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