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Register a new userMulti-epoch VLBI of a double maser super burst
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In a rare and spectacular display, two well-known massive star forming regions, W49N and G25.65+1.05, recently underwent maser super burst - their fluxes suddenly increasing above 30,000 and 18,000 Jy, respectively, reaching several orders of magnitude above their usual values. In quick-response, ToO observations with the EVN, VLBA and KaVA were obtained constituting a 4 week campaign - producing a high-cadence multi-epoch VLBI investigation of the maser emission. The combination of high-resolution, polarisation and flux monitoring during the burst provides one of the best accounts, to date, of the maser super burst phenomenon, aiding their use as astrophysical tools. These proceedings contain the preliminary results of our campaign.
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This paper reports observations of a 22 GHz water maser `superburst in the G25.65+1.05 massive star forming region, conducted in response to an alert from the Maser Monitoring Organisation (M2O). Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations using the European VLBI Network (EVN) recorded a maser flux density of $1.2 times 10^{4}$ Jy. The superburst was investigated in the spectral, structural and temporal domains and its cause was determined to be an increase in maser path length generated by the superposition of multiple maser emitting regions aligning in the line of sight to the observer. This conclusion was based on the location of the bursting maser in the context of the star forming region, its complex structure, and its rapid onset and decay.
We present the observational results of the Gamma-ray blazar, 3C 66A, at 2.3, 8.4, and 22 GHz at 4 epochs during 2004-05 with the VLBA. The resulting images show an overall core-jet structure extending roughly to the south with two intermediate breaks occurring in the region near the core. By model-fitting to the visibility data, the northmost component, which is also the brightest, is identified as the core according to its relatively flat spectrum and its compactness. As combined with some previous results to investigate the proper motions of the jet components, it is found the kinematics of 3C 66A is quite complicated with components of inward and outward, subluminal and superluminal motions all detected in the radio structure. The superluminal motions indicate strong Doppler boosting exists in the jet. The apparent inward motions of the innermost components last for at least 10 years and could not be caused by new-born components. The possible reason could be non-stationarity of the core due to opacity change.
In this Letter, we report detections of SiO v=3 J=1--0 maser emission in very long baseline interferometric (VLBI) observations towards 4 out of 12 long-period variable stars: WX Psc, R Leo, W Hya, and T Cep. The detections towards WX Psc and T Cep are new ones. We also present successful astrometric observations of SiO v=2 and v=3 J=1--0 maser emissions associated with two stars: WX Psc and W Hya and their position-reference continuum sources: J010746.0+131205 and J135146.8-291218 with the VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry (VERA). The relative coordinates of the position-reference continuum source and SiO v=3 maser spots were measured with respect to those of an SiO v=2 maser spot adopted as fringe-phase reference. Thus the faint continuum sources were inversely phase-referenced to the bright maser sources. It implies possible registration of multiple SiO maser line maps onto a common coordinate system with 10 microarcsecond-level accuracy.
L1448C(N) is a young protostar in Perseus, driving an outflow and an extremely high-velocity (EHV) molecular jet. We present multi-epoch observations of SiO $J = 8-7$, CO $J = 3-2$ lines, and 345 GHz dust continuum toward L1448C(N) in 2006, 2010, and 2017 with the Submillimeter Array. The knots traced by the SiO line show the averaged proper motion is $sim0.06~{rm yr^{-1}}$ and $sim0.04~{rm yr^{-1}}$ for the blue- and red-shifted jet, respectively. The corresponding transverse velocities are $sim78~{rm km s^{-1}}$ (blueshifted) and $sim52~{rm km s^{-1}}$ (redshifted). Together with the radial velocity, we found the inclination angle of the jets from the plane of the sky to be $sim34$deg$ $ for the blueshifted jet and $sim46$deg$ $ for the redfshifted jet. Given the new inclination angles, the mass-loss rate and mechanical power were refined to be $sim1.8times 10^{-6}~M_odot$ and $sim1.3~L_odot$, respectively. In the epoch of 2017, a new knot is detected at the base of the redshifted jet. We found that the mass-loss rate of the new knot is three times higher than the averaged mass-loss rate of the redshifted jet. Besides, continuum flux has enhanced by $sim37%$ between 2010 and 2017. These imply that the variation of the mass-accretion rate by a factor of $sim3$ has occurred in a short timescale of $sim10-20$ yr. In addition, a knot in the downstream of the redshifted jet is found to be dimming over the three epochs.
A long standing goal in astrophysics is to directly observe the immediate environment of a black hole with angular resolution comparable to the event horizon. Realizing this goal would open a new window on the study of General Relativity in the strong field regime, accretion and outflow processes at the edge of a black hole, the existence of an event horizon, and fundamental black hole physics (e.g., spin). Steady long-term progress on improving the capability of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) at short wavelengths has now made it extremely likely that this goal will be achieved within the next decade. The most compelling evidence for this is the recent observation by 1.3mm VLBI of Schwarzschild radius scale structure in SgrA*, the compact source of radio, submm, NIR and xrays at the center of the Milky Way. SgrA* is thought to mark the position of a ~4 million solar mass black hole, and because of its proximity and estimated mass presents the largest apparent event horizon size of any black hole candidate in the Universe. Over the next decade, existing and planned mm/submm facilities will be combined into a high sensitivity, high angular resolution Event Horizon Telescope that will bring us as close to the edge of black hole as we will come for decades. This white paper describes the science case for mm/submm VLBI observations of both SgrA* and M87 (a radio loud AGN of a much more luminous class that SgrA*). We emphasize that while there is development and procurement involved, the technical path forward is clear, and the recent successful observations have removed much of the risk that would normally be associated with such an ambitious project.
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