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Atomic systems have long provided a useful material platform with unique quantum properties. The efficient light-matter interaction in atomic vapors has led to numerous seminal scientific achievements including accurate and precise metrology and quantum devices. In the last few decades, the field of thin optical elements with miniscule features has been extensively studied demonstrating an unprecedented ability to control photonic degrees of freedom, both linearly and non-linearly, with applications spanning from photography and spatial light modulators to cataract surgery implants. Hybridization of atoms with such thin devices may offer a new material system allowing traditional vapor cells with enhanced functionality. Here, we fabricate and demonstrate chip-scale, quantum diffractive optical elements which map atomic states to the spatial distribution of diffracted light. Two foundational diffractive elements, lamellar gratings and Fresnel lenses, are hybridized with atomic channels containing hot atomic vapors which demonstrate exceptionally strong frequency dependent behaviors. Providing the design tools for chip-scale atomic diffractive optical elements develops a path for a variety of compact thin quantum-optical elements.
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Over the last decade, optical atomic clocks have surpassed their microwave counterparts and now offer the ability to measure time with an increase in precision of two orders of magnitude or more. This performance increase is compelling not only for enabling new science, such as geodetic measurements of the earth, searches for dark matter, and investigations into possible long-term variations of fundamental physics constants but also for revolutionizing existing technology, such as the global positioning system (GPS). A significant remaining challenge is to transition these optical clocks to non-laboratory environments, which requires the ruggedization and miniaturization of the atomic reference and clock laser along with their supporting lasers and electronics. Here, using a compact stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) laser to interrogate a $^8$$^8$Sr$^+$ ion, we demonstrate a promising component of a portable optical atomic clock architecture. In order to bring the stability of the SBS laser to a level suitable for clock operation, we utilize a self-referencing technique to compensate for temperature drift of the laser to within $170$ nK. Our SBS optical clock achieves a short-term stability of $3.9 times 10^{-14}$ at $1$ s---an order of magnitude improvement over state-of-the-art microwave clocks. Based on this technology, a future GPS employing portable SBS clocks offers the potential for distance measurements with a 100-fold increase in resolution.
Laboratory optical atomic clocks achieve remarkable accuracy (now counted to 18 digits or more), opening possibilities to explore fundamental physics and enable new measurements. However, their size and use of bulk components prevent them from being more widely adopted in applications that require precision timing. By leveraging silicon-chip photonics for integration and to reduce component size and complexity, we demonstrate a compact optical-clock architecture. Here a semiconductor laser is stabilized to an optical transition in a microfabricated rubidium vapor cell, and a pair of interlocked Kerr-microresonator frequency combs provide fully coherent optical division of the clock laser to generate an electronic 22 GHz clock signal with a fractional frequency instability of one part in 10^13. These results demonstrate key concepts of how to use silicon-chip devices in future portable and ultraprecise optical clocks.
We present the first demonstration of all-optical squeezing in an on-chip monolithically integrated CMOS-compatible platform. Our device consists of a low loss silicon nitride microring optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with a gigahertz cavity linewidth. We measure 1.7 dB (5 dB corrected for losses) of sub-shot noise quantum correlations between bright twin beams generated in the microring four-wave-mixing OPO pumped above threshold. This experiment demonstrates a compact, robust, and scalable platform for quantum optics and quantum information experiments on-chip.
Topological quantum optical states in one-dimensional (1D) quasiperiodic cold atomic chains are studied in this work. We propose that by introducing incommensurate modulations on the interatomic distances of 1D periodic atomic chains, the off-diagonal Aubry-Andre-Harper (AAH) model can be mimicked, although the crucial difference is the existence of long-range dipole-dipole interactions. The discrete band structures with respect to the modulation phase, which plays the role of a dimension extension parameter, are calculated for finite chains beyond the nearest-neighbor approximation. It is found that the present system indeed supports nontrivial topological states localized over the boundaries. Despite the presence of long-range dipole-dipole interactions that leads to an asymmetric band structure, it is demonstrated that this system inherits the topological properties of two-dimensional integer quantum Hall systems. The spectral position, for both real and imaginary frequencies, and number of these topologically protected edge states are still governed by the gap-labeling theorem and characterized by the topological invariant, namely, the (first) Chern number, indicating the validity of bulk-boundary correspondence. Due to the fractal spectrum arising from the quasiperiodicity in a substantially wide range of system parameters, our system provides a large number of topological gaps and optical states readily for practical use. It is also revealed that a substantial proportion of the topological edge states are highly subradiant with extremely low decay rates, which therefore offer an appealing route for controlling the emission of external quantum emitters and achieving high-fidelity quantum state storage.
The coupling of atomic and photonic resonances serves as an important tool for enhancing light-matter interactions and enables the observation of multitude of fascinating and fundamental phenomena. Here, by exploiting the platform of atomic-cladding wave guides, we experimentally demonstrate the resonant coupling of rubidium vapor and an atomic cladding micro ring resonator. Specifically, we observed cavity-atom coupling in the form of Fano resonances having a distinct dependency on the relative frequency detuning between the photonic and the atomic resonances. Moreover, we were able to significantly enhance the efficiency of all optical switching in the V-type pump-probe scheme. The coupled system of micro-ring resonator and atomic vapor is a promising building block for a variety of light vapor experiments, as it offers a very small footprint, high degree of integration and extremely strong confinement of light and vapor. As such it may be used for important applications, such as all optical switching, dispersion engineering (e.g. slow and fast light) and metrology, as well as for the observation of important effects such as strong coupling, Purcell enhancement and bistability.
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