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We present the first demonstration of all-optical squeezing in an on-chip monolithically integrated CMOS-compatible platform. Our device consists of a low loss silicon nitride microring optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with a gigahertz cavity linewidth. We measure 1.7 dB (5 dB corrected for losses) of sub-shot noise quantum correlations between bright twin beams generated in the microring four-wave-mixing OPO pumped above threshold. This experiment demonstrates a compact, robust, and scalable platform for quantum optics and quantum information experiments on-chip.
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The conversion and interaction between quantum signals at a single-photon level are essential for scalable quantum photonic information technology. Using a fully-optimized, periodically-poled lithium niobate microring, we demonstrate ultra-efficient sum-frequency generation on chip. The external quantum efficiency reaches $(65pm3)%$ with only $(104pm4)$ $mu$W pump power, improving the state-of-the-art by over one order of magnitude. At the peak conversion, $3times10^{-5}$ noise photon is created during the cavity lifetime, which meets the requirement of quantum applications using single-photon pulses. Using pump and signal in single-photon coherent states, we directly measure the conversion probability produced by a single pump photon to be $10^{-5}$ -- breaking the record by 100 times -- and the photon-photon coupling strength to be 9.1 MHz. Our results mark a new milestone toward quantum nonlinear optics at the ultimate single photon limit, creating new background in highly integrated photonics and quantum optical computing.
Optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) have been widely used for decades as tunable, narrow linewidth, and coherent light sources for reaching long wavelengths and are attractive for applications such as quantum random number generation and Ising machines. To date, waveguide-based OPOs have suffered from relatively high thresholds on the order of hundreds of milliwatts. With the advance in integrated photonic techniques demonstrated by high-efficiency second harmonic generation in aluminum nitride (AlN) photonic microring resonators, highly compact and nanophotonic implementation of parametric oscillation is feasible. Here, we employ phase-matched AlN microring resonators to demonstrate low-threshold parametric oscillation in the telecom infrared band with an on-chip efficiency up to 17% and milliwatt-level output power. A broad phase-matching window is observed, enabling tunable generation of signal and idler pairs over a 180 nm bandwidth across the C band. This result establishes an important milestone in integrated nonlinear optics and paves the way towards chip-based quantum light sources and tunable, coherent radiation for spectroscopy and chemical sensing.
Optical levitation of dielectric particles in vacuum is a powerful technique for precision measurements, testing fundamental physics, and quantum information science. Conventional optical tweezers require bulky optical components for trapping and detection. Here we design and fabricate an ultrathin dielectric metalens with a high numerical aperture of 0.88 at 1064 nm in vacuum. It consists of 500 nm-thick silicon nano-antennas, which are compatible with ultrahigh vacuum. We demonstrate optical levitation of nanoparticles in vacuum with a single metalens. The trapping frequency can be tuned by changing the laser power and polarization. We also transfer a levitated nanoparticle between two separated optical tweezers. Optical levitation with an ultrathin metalens in vacuum provides opportunities for a wide range of applications including on-chip sensing. Such metalenses will also be useful for trapping ultacold atoms and molecules.
Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) is superior for integrated nanophotonics due to its outstanding properties in nearly all aspects: strong second-order nonlinearity, fast and efficient electro-optic effects, wide transparency window, and little two photon absorption and free carrier scattering. Together, they permit highly integrated nanophotonic circuits capable of complex photonic processing by incorporating disparate elements on the same chip. Yet, there has to be a demonstration that synergizes those superior properties for system advantage. Here we demonstrate such a chip that capitalizes on TFLNs favorable ferroelectricity, high second-order nonlinearity, and strong electro-optic effects. It consists of a monolithic circuit integrating a Z-cut, quasi-phase matched microring with high quality factor and a phase modulator used in active feedback control. By Pound-Drever-Hall locking, it realizes stable frequency doubling at about 50% conversion with only milliwatt pump, marking the highest by far among all nanophotonic platforms with milliwatt pumping. Our demonstration addresses a long-outstanding challenge facing cavity-based optical processing, including frequency conversion, frequency comb generation, and all-optical switching, whose stable performance is hindered by photorefractive or thermal effects. Our results further establish TFLN as an excellent material capable of optical multitasking, as desirable to build multi-functional chip devices.
Here we report the first experimental demonstration of light trapping by a refractive index front in a silicon waveguide, the optical push broom effect. The front generated by a fast pump pulse collects and traps the energy of a CW signal with smaller group velocity and tuned near to the band gap of the Bragg grating introduced in the waveguide. This situation represents an optical analogue of light trapping in a tapered plasmonic waveguide where light is stopped without reflection. The energy of the CW signal is accumulated inside the front and distributed in frequency. In this experiment a 2 ps free carrier front was generated via two photon absorption of the pump in silicon waveguide. It collects approximately a 30 ps long packet of the CW signal. The presented effect can be utilized to compress signals in time and space.
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