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Register a new userNeutrino-based tools for nuclear verification and diplomacy in North Korea
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We present neutrino-based options for verifying that the nuclear reactors at North Koreas Yongbyon Nuclear Research Center are no longer operating or that they are operating in an agreed manner, precluding weapons production. Neutrino detectors may be a mutually agreeable complement to traditional verification protocols because they do not require access inside reactor buildings, could be installed collaboratively, and provide persistent and specific observations. At Yongbyon, neutrino detectors could passively verify reactor shutdowns or monitor power levels and plutonium contents, all from outside the reactor buildings. The monitoring options presented here build on recent successes in basic particle physics. Following a dedicated design study, these tools could be deployed in as little as one year at a reasonable cost. In North Korea, cooperative deployment of neutrino detectors could help redirect a limited number of scientists and engineers from military applications to peaceful technical work in an international community. Opportunities for scientific collaboration with South Korea are especially strong. We encourage policymakers to consider collaborative neutrino projects within a broader program of action toward stability and security on the Korean Peninsula.
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The high performance requirements at the European Spallation Source have been driving the technological advances on the neutron detector front. Now more than ever is it important to optimize the design of detectors and instruments, to fully exploit the ESS source brilliance. Most of the simulation tools the neutron scattering community has at their disposal target the instrument optimization until the sample position, with little focus on detectors. The ESS Detector Group has extended the capabilities of existing detector simulation tools to bridge this gap. An extensive software framework has been developed, enabling efficient and collaborative developments of required simulations and analyses -- based on the use of the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit, but with extended physics capabilities where relevant (like for Bragg diffraction of thermal neutrons in crystals). Furthermore, the MCPL (Monte Carlo Particle Lists) particle data exchange file format, currently supported for the primary Monte Carlo tools of the community (McStas, Geant4 and MCNP), facilitates the integration of detector simulations with existing simulations of instruments using these software packages. These means offer a powerful set of tools to tailor the detector and instrument design to the instrument application.
Precise neutrino--nucleus interaction measurements in the sub-multi GeV region are important to reduce the systematic uncertainty in future neutrino oscillation experiments. Furthermore, the excess of ${ u_e}$ interactions, as a possible interpretation of the existence of a sterile neutrino has been observed in such an energy region. The nuclear emulsion technique can measure all the final state particles with low energy threshold for a variety of targets (Fe, C, H${_2}$O, and so on). Its sub-$mu$m position resolution allows measurements of the ${ u_e}$ cross-section with good electron/gamma separation capability. We started a new experiment at J-PARC to study sub-multi GeV neutrino interactions by introducing the nuclear emulsion technique. The J-PARC T60 experiment has been implemented as a first step of such a project. Systematic neutrino event analysis with full scanning data in the nuclear emulsion detector was performed for the first time. The first neutrino event detection and its analysis is described in this paper.
While spatial dose conformity delivered to a target volume has been pushed to its practical limits with advanced treatment planning and delivery, investigations in novel temporal dose delivery are unfolding new mechanisms. Recent advances in ultra-high dose radiotherapy, abbreviated as FLASH, indicate the potential for reduction in healthy tissue damage while preserving tumor control. FLASH therapy relies on very high dose rate of > 40Gy/sec with sub-second temporal beam modulation, taking a seemingly opposite direction from the conventional paradigm of fractionated therapy. FLASH brings unique challenges to dosimetry, beam control, and verification, as well as complexity of radiobiological effective dose through altered tissue response. In this review, we compare the dosimetric methods capable of operating under high dose rate environments. Due to excellent dose-rate independence, superior spatial (~<1 mm) and temporal (~ns) resolution achievable with Cherenkov and scintillation-based detectors, we show that luminescent detectors have a key role to play in the development of FLASH-RT, as the field rapidly progresses towards clinical adaptation. Additionally, we show that the unique ability of certain luminescence-based methods to provide tumor oxygenation maps in real-time with submillimeter resolution can elucidate the radiobiological mechanisms behind the FLASH effect. In particular, such techniques will be crucial for understanding the role of oxygen in mediating the FLASH effect.
The Active Particle-induced X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) is one of the payloads on board the Yutu rover of ChangE-3 mission. In order to assess the instrumental performance of APXS, a ground verification test was done for two unknown samples (basaltic rock, mixed powder sample). In this paper, the details of the experiment configurations and data analysis method are presented. The results show that the elemental abundance of major elements can be well determined by the APXS with relative deviations < 15 wt. % (detection distance = 30 mm, acquisition time = 30 min). The derived detection limit of each major element is inversely proportional to acquisition time and directly proportional to detection distance, suggesting that the appropriate distance should be < 50mm.
The experiment Neutrino-4 had started in 2014 with a detector model and then was continued with a full-scale detector in 2016 - 2021. In this article we describe all steps of preparatory work on this experiment. We present all results of the Neutrino-4 experiment with increased statistical accuracy provided to date. The experimental setup is constructed to measure the flux and spectrum of the reactor antineutrinos as a function of distance to the center of the active zone of the SM-3 reactor (Dimitrovgrad, Russia) in the range of 6 - 12 meters. Using all the collected data, we performed a model-independent analysis to determine the oscillation parameters $Delta m_{14}^2$ and $sin^22theta_{14}$. The method of coherent summation of measurement results allows to directly demonstrate the oscillation effect. We present the analysis of possible systematic errors and the MC model of the experiment, which considers the possibility of the effect manifestation at the present precision level. As a result of the analysis, we can conclude that at currently available statistical accuracy we observe the oscillations at the $2.9sigma$ level with parameters $Delta m_{14}^2=(7.3pm0.13_{st}pm1.16_{sys})text{eV}^2 = (7.3pm1.17)text{eV}^2$ and $sin^22theta_{14}= 0.36pm0.12_{stat}(2.9sigma)$. Monte Carlo based statistical analysis gave estimation of confidence level at $2.7sigma$. We plan to improve the currently working experimental setup and create a completely new setup in order to increase the accuracy of the experiment by 3 times. We also provide a brief analysis of the general experimental situation in the search for sterile neutrinos.
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