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In three dimensions, there exist modifications of Einsteins gravity akin to the topologically massive gravity that describe massive gravitons about maximally symmetric backgrounds. These theories are built on the three-dimensional version of the Bach tensor (a curl of the Cotton-York tensor) and its higher derivative generalizations; and they are on-shell consistent without a Lagrangian description based on the metric tensor alone. We give a generic construction of these models, find the spectra and compute the conserved quantities for the Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli black hole.
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The equivalence between Chern-Simons and Einstein-Hilbert actions in three dimensions established by A.~Achucarro and P.~K.~Townsend (1986) and E.~Witten (1988) is generalized to the off-shell case. The technique is also generalized to the Yang-Mills action in four dimensions displaying de Sitter gauge symmetry. It is shown that, in both cases, we can directly identify a gravity action while the gauge symmetry can generate spacetime local isometries as well as diffeomorphisms. The price we pay for working in an off-shell scenario is that specific geometric constraints are needed. These constraints can be identified with foliations of spacetime. The special case of spacelike leafs evolving in time is studied. Finally, the whole set up is analyzed under fiber bundle theory. In this analysis we show that a traditional gauge theory, where the gauge field does not influence in spacetime dynamics, can be (for specific cases) consistently mapped into a gravity theory in the first order formalism.
Three dimensional Einstein gravity with negative cosmological constant -1/ell^2 deformed by a gravitational Chern-Simons action with coefficient 1/mu is studied in an asymptotically AdS_3 spacetime. It is argued to violate unitary or positivity for generic mu due to negative-energy massive gravitons. However at the critical value muell=1, the massive gravitons disappear and BTZ black holes all have mass and angular momentum related by ell M=J. The corresponding chiral quantum theory of gravity is conjectured to exist and be dual to a purely right-moving boundary CFT with central charges (c_L,c_R)=(0,3ell /G).
We show that three-dimensional massive gravity admits Lifshitz metrics with generic values of the dynamical exponent z as exact solutions. At the point z=3, exact black hole solutions which are asymptotically Lifshitz arise. These spacetimes are three-dimensional analogues of those that were recently proposed as gravity duals for scale invariant fixed points.
We study quantum corrections to projectable Horava gravity with $z = 2$ scaling in 2+1 dimensions. Using the background field method, we utilize a non-singular gauge to compute the anomalous dimension of the cosmological constant at one loop, in a normalization adapted to the spatial curvature term.
We present a new exact black hole solution in three dimensional Einstein gravity coupled to a single scalar field. This is one of the extended solutions of the BTZ black hole and has in fact $textrm{AdS}_3$ geometries both at the spatial infinity and at the event horizon. An explicit derivation of Virasoro algebras for $textrm{CFT}_2$ at the two boundaries is shown to be possible `{a} la Brown and Henneauxs calculation. If we regard the scalar field as a running coupling in the dual two dimensional field theory, and its flow in the bulk as the holographic renormalization group flow, our black hole should interpolate the two $textrm{CFT}_2$ living at the infinity and at the horizon. Following the Hamilton-Jacobi analysis by de Boer, Verlinde and Verlinde, we calculate the central charges $c_{textrm{UV}}$ and $c_{textrm{IR}}$ for the $textrm{CFT}_2$ on the infinity and the horizon, respectively. We also confirm that the inequality $c_{textrm{IR}} < c_{textrm{UV}}$ is satisfied, which is consistent with the Zamolodchikovs c-theorem.
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