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Register a new userOn superspecial abelian surfaces and type numbers of totally definite quaternion algebras
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In this paper we determine the number of endomorphism rings of superspecial abelian surfaces over a field $mathbb{F}_q$ of odd degree over $mathbb{F}_p$ in the isogeny class corresponding to the Weil $q$-number $pmsqrt{q}$. This extends earlier works of T.-C. Yang and the present authors on the isomorphism classes of these abelian surfaces, and also generalizes the classical formula of Deuring for the number of endomorphism rings of supersingular elliptic curves. Our method is to explore the relationship between the type and class numbers of the quaternion orders concerned. We study the Picard group action of the center of an arbitrary $mathbb{Z}$-order in a totally definite quaternion algebra on the ideal class set of said order, and derive an orbit number formula for this action. This allows us to prove an integrality assertion of Vigneras [Enseign. Math. (2), 1975] as follows. Let $F$ be a totally real field of even degree over $mathbb{Q}$, and $D$ be the (unique up to isomorphism) totally definite quaternion $F$-algebra unramified at all finite places of $F$. Then the quotient $h(D)/h(F)$ of the class numbers is an integer.
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Let $q$ be an odd power of a prime $pin mathbb{N}$, and $mathrm{PPSP}(sqrt{q})$ be the finite set of isomorphism classes of principally polarized superspecial abelian surfaces in the simple isogeny class over $mathbb{F}_q$ corresponding to the real Weil $q$-numbers $pm sqrt{q}$. We produce explicit formulas for $mathrm{PPSP}(sqrt{q})$ of the following three kinds: (i) the class number formula, i.e. the cardinality of $mathrm{PPSP}(sqrt{q})$; (ii) the type number formula, i.e. the number of endomorphism rings up to isomorphism of members of $mathrm{PPSP}(sqrt{q})$; (iii) the refined class number formula with respect to each finite group $mathbf{G}$, i.e. the number of elements of $mathrm{PPSP}(sqrt{q})$ whose automorphism group coincides with $mathbf{G}$. Similar formulas are obtained for other polarized superspecial members of this isogeny class using polarization modules. We observe several surprising identities involving the arithmetic genus of certain Hilbert modular surface on one side and the class number or type number of $(P, P_+)$-polarized superspecial abelian surfaces in this isogeny class on the other side.
We study a form of refined class number formula (resp. type number formula) for maximal orders in totally definite quaternion algebras over real quadratic fields, by taking into consideration the automorphism groups of right ideal classes (resp. unit groups of maximal orders). For each finite noncyclic group $G$, we give an explicit formula for the number of conjugacy classes of maximal orders whose unit groups modulo center are isomorphic to $G$, and write down a representative for each conjugacy class. This leads to a complete recipe (even explicit formulas in special cases) for the refined class number formula for all finite groups. As an application, we prove the existence of superspecial abelian surfaces whose endomorphism algebras coincide with $mathbb{Q}(sqrt{p})$ in all positive characteristic $p otequiv 1pmod{24}$.
In the paper [On superspecial abelian surfaces over finite fields II. J. Math. Soc. Japan, 72(1):303--331, 2020], Tse-Chung Yang and the first two current authors computed explicitly the number $lvert mathrm{SSp}_2(mathbb{F}_q)rvert$ of isomorphism classes of superspecial abelian surfaces over an arbitrary finite field $mathbb{F}_q$ of even degree over the prime field $mathbb{F}_p$. There it was assumed that certain commutative $mathbb{Z}_p$-orders satisfy an etale condition that excludes the primes $p=2, 3, 5$. We treat these remaining primes in the present paper, where the computations are more involved because of the ramifications. This completes the calculation of $lvert mathrm{SSp}_2(mathbb{F}_q)rvert$ in the even degree case. The odd degree case was previous treated by Tse-Chung Yang and the first two current authors in [On superspecial abelian surfaces over finite fields. Doc. Math., 21:1607--1643, 2016]. Along the proof of our main theorem, we give the classification of lattices over local quaternion Bass orders, which is a new input to our previous works.
We present two class number formulas associated to orders in totally definite quaternion algebras in the spirit of the Eichler class number formula. More precisely, let $F$ be a totally real number field, $D$ be a totally definite quaternion $F$-algebra, and $mathcal{O}$ be an $O_F$-order in $D$. Assume that $mathcal{O}$ has nonzero Eichler invariants at all finite places of $F$ (e.g. $mathcal{O}$ is an Eichler order of arbitrary level). We derive explicit formulas for the following two class numbers associated to $mathcal{O}$: (1) the class number of the reduced norm one group with respect to $mathcal{O}$, namely, the cardinality of the double coset space $D^1backslashwidehat{D}^1/widehat{mathcal{O}}^1$; (2) the number of locally principal right $mathcal{O}$-ideal classes within the spinor class of the principal right $mathcal{O}$-ideals, that is, the cardinality of $D^timesbackslashbig(D^timeswidehat{D}^1widehat{mathcal{O}}^timesbig)/widehat{mathcal{O}}^times$. Both class numbers depend only on the spinor genus of $mathcal{O}$, hence the title of the present paper. The proofs are made possible by optimal spinor selectivity for quaternion orders.
Given a newform f, we extend Howards results on the variation of Heegner points in the Hida family of f to a general quaternionic setting. More precisely, we build big Heegner points and big Heegner classes in terms of compatible families of Heegner points on towers of Shimura curves. The novelty of our approach, which systematically exploits the theory of optimal embeddings, consists in treating both the case of definite quaternion algebras and the case of indefinite quaternion algebras in a uniform way. We prove results on the size of Nekovav{r}s extended Selmer groups attached to suitable big Galois representations and we formulate two-variable Iwasawa main conjectures both in the definite case and in the indefinite case. Moreover, in the definite case we propose refined conjectures `a la Greenberg on the vanishing at the critical points of (twists of) the L-functions of the modular forms in the Hida family of f living on the same branch as f.
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