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Register a new userMeasurement-device-independent measure of steerability and witnesses for all steerable resources
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The fact that nonlocality implies steering enables one to certify steerability by using a Bell inequality violation. Such a certification is device-independent (DI), i.e., one makes no assumption neither on the underlying state nor on the measurements. However, not all steerable states can violate a Bell inequality. Here, we systematically construct a collection of witnesses for steerable resources, defined by assemblages, in a measurement-device-independent (MDI) scenario. The inputs driving the measurement are replaced by a set of tomographically complete quantum states, and neither the detectors nor the underlying state is characterized. We show that all steerable assemblages can be detected by properly chosen witnesses. Furthermore, we introduce the first measure of steerability in an MDI scenario and show that such a measure is a standard one, i.e., a steering monotone, by proving that it is equivalent to the steering robustness.
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The problem of demonstrating entanglement is central to quantum information processing applications. Resorting to standard entanglement witnesses requires one to perfectly trust the implementation of the measurements to be performed on the entangled state, which may be an unjustified assumption. Inspired by the recent work of F. Buscemi [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 200401 (2012)], we introduce the concept of Measurement-Device-Independent Entanglement Witnesses (MDI-EWs), which allow one to demonstrate entanglement of all entangled quantum states with untrusted measurement apparatuses. We show how to systematically obtain such MDI-EWs from standard entanglement witnesses. Our construction leads to MDI-EWs that are loss-tolerant, and can be implemented with current technology.
We consider the problem of determining whether genuine multipartite entanglement was produced in an experiment, without relying on a characterization of the systems observed or of the measurements performed. We present an n-partite inequality that is satisfied by all correlations produced by measurements on biseparable quantum states, but which can be violated by n-partite entangled states, such as GHZ states. In contrast to traditional entanglement witnesses, the violation of this inequality implies that the state is not biseparable independently of the Hilbert space dimension and of the measured operators. Violation of this inequality does not imply, however, genuine multipartite non-locality. We show more generically how the problem of identifying genuine tripartite entanglement in a device-independent way can be addressed through semidefinite programming.
Within the framework of quantum refereed steering games, quantum steerability can be certified without any assumption on the underlying state nor the measurements involved. Such a scheme is termed the measurement-device-independent (MDI) scenario. Here we introduce a measure of steerability in an MDI scenario, i.e., the result merely depends on the observed statistics and the quantum inputs. We prove that such a measure satisfies the convex steering monotone. Moreover, it is robust against not only measurement biases but also losses. We also experimentally estimate the amount of the measure with an entangled photon source. As two by-products, our experimental results provide lower bounds on an entanglement measure of the underlying state and an incompatible measure of the involved measurement. Our research paves a way for exploring one-side device-independent quantum information processing within an MDI framework.
We consider the characterization of entanglement depth in a quantum many-body system from the device-independent perspective; i.e., certifying how many particles are genuinely entangled without relying on assumptions on the system itself nor on the measurements performed. We obtain device-independent witnesses of entanglement depth (DIWEDs) using the Bell inequalities introduced in [J. Tura et al., Science 344, 1256 (2014)] and compute their $k$-producibility bounds. To this end, we present two complementary methods: First, a variational one, yielding a possibly optimal $k$-producible state. Second, a certificate of optimality via a semi-definite program, based on a relaxation of the quantum marginal problem. Numerical results suggest a clear pattern on $k$-producible bounds for large system sizes, which we then tackle analytically in the thermodynamic limit. Contrary to existing DIWEDs, the ones we present here can be effectively measured by accessing only collective measurements and second moments thereof. These technical requirements are met in current experiments, which have already been performed in the context of detecting Bell correlations in quantum many-body systems of $5cdot 10^2 sim 5 cdot 10^5$ atoms.
We present a simple family of Bell inequalities applicable to a scenario involving arbitrarily many parties, each of which performs two binary-outcome measurements. We show that these inequalities are members of the complete set of full-correlation Bell inequalities discovered by Werner-Wolf-Zukowski-Brukner. For scenarios involving a small number of parties, we further verify that these inequalities are facet-defining for the convex set of Bell-local correlations. Moreover, we show that the amount of quantum violation of these inequalities naturally manifests the extent to which the underlying system is genuinely many-body entangled. In other words, our Bell inequalities, when supplemented with the appropriate quantum bounds, naturally serve as device-independent witnesses for entanglement depth, allowing one to certify genuine k-partite entanglement in an arbitrary $nge k$-partite scenario without relying on any assumption about the measurements being performed, nor the dimension of the underlying physical system. A brief comparison is made between our witnesses and those based on some other Bell inequalities, as well as the quantum Fisher information. A family of witnesses for genuine k-partite nonlocality applicable to an arbitrary $nge k$-partite scenario based on our Bell inequalities is also presented.
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