Performance of a sensory-neural network developed for diagnosing of diseases is described. Information about patients condition is provided by answers to the questionnaire. Questions correspond to sensors generating signals when patients acknowledge symptoms. These signals excite neurons in which characteristics of the diseases are represented by synaptic weights associated with indicators of symptoms. The disease corresponding to the most excited neuron is proposed as the result of diagnosing. Its reliability is estimated by the likelihood defined by the ratio of excitation of the most excited neuron and the complete neural network.
In complex systems, we often observe complex global behavior emerge from a collection of agents interacting with each other in their environment, with each individual agent acting only on locally available information, without knowing the full picture. Such systems have inspired development of artificial intelligence algorithms in areas such as swarm optimization and cellular automata. Motivated by the emergence of collective behavior from complex cellular systems, we build systems that feed each sensory input from the environment into distinct, but identical neural networks, each with no fixed relationship with one another. We show that these sensory networks can be trained to integrate information received locally, and through communication via an attention mechanism, can collectively produce a globally coherent policy. Moreover, the system can still perform its task even if the ordering of its inputs is randomly permuted several times during an episode. These permutation invariant systems also display useful robustness and generalization properties that are broadly applicable. Interactive demo and videos of our results: https://attentionneuron.github.io/
We seek to investigate the scalability of neuromorphic computing for computer vision, with the objective of replicating non-neuromorphic performance on computer vision tasks while reducing power consumption. We convert the deep Artificial Neural Network (ANN) architecture U-Net to a Spiking Neural Network (SNN) architecture using the Nengo framework. Both rate-based and spike-based models are trained and optimized for benchmarking performance and power, using a modified version of the ISBI 2D EM Segmentation dataset consisting of microscope images of cells. We propose a partitioning method to optimize inter-chip communication to improve speed and energy efficiency when deploying multi-chip networks on the Loihi neuromorphic chip. We explore the advantages of regularizing firing rates of Loihi neurons for converting ANN to SNN with minimum accuracy loss and optimized energy consumption. We propose a percentile based regularization loss function to limit the spiking rate of the neuron between a desired range. The SNN is converted directly from the corresponding ANN, and demonstrates similar semantic segmentation as the ANN using the same number of neurons and weights. However, the neuromorphic implementation on the Intel Loihi neuromorphic chip is over 2x more energy-efficient than conventional hardware (CPU, GPU) when running online (one image at a time). These power improvements are achieved without sacrificing the task performance accuracy of the network, and when all weights (Loihi, CPU, and GPU networks) are quantized to 8 bits.
This survey samples from the ever-growing family of adaptive resonance theory (ART) neural network models used to perform the three primary machine learning modalities, namely, unsupervised, supervised and reinforcement learning. It comprises a representative list from classic to modern ART models, thereby painting a general picture of the architectures developed by researchers over the past 30 years. The learning dynamics of these ART models are briefly described, and their distinctive characteristics such as code representation, long-term memory and corresponding geometric interpretation are discussed. Useful engineering properties of ART (speed, configurability, explainability, parallelization and hardware implementation) are examined along with current challenges. Finally, a compilation of online software libraries is provided. It is expected that this overview will be helpful to new and seasoned ART researchers.
Realization of deep learning with coherent diffraction has achieved remarkable development nowadays, which benefits on the fact that matrix multiplication can be optically executed in parallel as well as with little power consumption. Coherent optical field propagated in the form of complex-value entity can be manipulated into a task-oriented output with statistical inference. In this paper, we present a unitary learning protocol on deep diffractive neural network, meeting the physical unitary prior in coherent diffraction. Unitary learning is a backpropagation serving to unitary weights update through the gradient translation between Euclidean and Riemannian space. The temporal-space evolution characteristic in unitary learning is formulated and elucidated. Particularly a compatible condition on how to select the nonlinear activations in complex space is unveiled, encapsulating the fundamental sigmoid, tanh and quasi-ReLu in complex space. As a preliminary application, deep diffractive neural network with unitary learning is tentatively implemented on the 2D classification and verification tasks.
This paper presents a novel neural network design that learns the heuristic for Large Neighborhood Search (LNS). LNS consists of a destroy operator and a repair operator that specify a way to carry out the neighborhood search to solve the Combinatorial Optimization problems. The proposed approach in this paper applies a Hierarchical Recurrent Graph Convolutional Network (HRGCN) as a LNS heuristic, namely Dynamic Partial Removal, with the advantage of adaptive destruction and the potential to search across a large scale, as well as the context-awareness in both spatial and temporal perspective. This model is generalized as an efficient heuristic approach to different combinatorial optimization problems, especially to the problems with relatively tight constraints. We apply this model to vehicle routing problem (VRP) in this paper as an example. The experimental results show that this approach outperforms the traditional LNS heuristics on the same problem as well. The source code is available at href{https://github.com/water-mirror/DPR}{https://github.com/water-mirror/DPR}.