No Arabic abstract
Based on the stellar orbit distribution derived from orbit-superposition Schwarzschild models, we decompose each of 250 representative present-day galaxies into four orbital components: cold with strong rotation, warm with weak rotation, hot with dominant random motion and counter-rotating (CR). We rebuild the surface brightness ($Sigma$) of each orbital component and we present in figures and tables a quantification of their morphologies using the Sersic index textit{n}, concentration $C = log{(Sigma_{0.1R_e}/Sigma_{R_e})}$ and intrinsic flattening $q_{mathrm{Re}}$ and $q_{mathrm{Rmax}}$, with $R_e$ the half-light-radius and $R_{mathrm{max}}$ the CALIFA data coverage. We find that: (1) kinematic hotter components are generally more concentrated and rounder than colder components, and (2) all components become more concentrated and thicker/rounder in more massive galaxies; they change from disk-like in low mass late-type galaxies to bulge-like in high-mass early type galaxies. Our findings suggest that Sersic textit{n} is not a good discriminator between rotating bulges and non-rotating bulges. The luminosity fraction of cold orbits $f_{rm cold}$ is well correlated with the photometrically-decomposed disk fraction $f_{rm disk}$ as $f_{mathrm{cold}} = 0.14 + 0.23f_{mathrm{mathrm{disk}}}$. Similarly, the hot orbit fraction $f_{rm hot}$ is correlated with the bulge fraction $f_{rm bulge}$ as $f_{mathrm{hot}} = 0.19 + 0.31f_{mathrm{mathrm{bulge}}}$. The warm orbits mainly contribute to disks in low-mass late-type galaxies, and to bulges in high-mass early-type galaxies. The cold, warm, and hot components generally follow the same morphology ($epsilon = 1-q_{rm Rmax}$) versus kinematics ($sigma_z^2/overline{V_{mathrm{tot}}^2}$) relation as the thin disk, thick disk/pseudo bulge, and classical bulge identified from cosmological simulations.
We present the stellar kinematic maps of a large sample of galaxies from the integral-field spectroscopic survey CALIFA. The sample comprises 300 galaxies displaying a wide range of morphologies across the Hubble sequence, from ellipticals to late-type spirals. This dataset allows us to homogeneously extract stellar kinematics up to several effective radii. In this paper, we describe the level of completeness of this subset of galaxies with respect to the full CALIFA sample, as well as the virtues and limitations of the kinematic extraction compared to other well-known integral-field surveys. In addition, we provide averaged integrated velocity dispersion radial profiles for different galaxy types, which are particularly useful to apply aperture corrections for single aperture measurements or poorly resolved stellar kinematics of high-redshift sources. The work presented in this paper sets the basis for the study of more general properties of galaxies that will be explored in subsequent papers of the survey.
[Abridged] We present the apparent stellar angular momentum of 300 galaxies across the Hubble sequence, using integral-field spectroscopic data from the CALIFA survey. Adopting the same $lambda_mathrm{R}$ parameter previously used to distinguish between slow and fast rotating early-type (elliptical and lenticular) galaxies, we show that spiral galaxies as expected are almost all fast rotators. Given the extent of our data, we provide relations for $lambda_mathrm{R}$ measured in different apertures, including
The aim of this paper is to characterize the radial structure of the star formation rate (SFR) in galaxies in the nearby Universe as represented by the CALIFA survey. The sample under study contains 416 galaxies observed with IFS, covering a wide range of Hubble types and stellar masses. Spectral synthesis techniques are applied to obtain radial profiles of the intensity of the star formation rate in the recent past, and the local sSFR. To emphasize the behavior of these properties for galaxies that are on and off the main sequence of star formation (MSSF) we stack the individual radial profiles in bins of galaxy morphology and stellar masses. Our main results are: a) The intensity of SFR shows declining profiles that exhibit very little differences between spirals. The dispersion between the profiles is significantly smaller in late type spirals. This confirms that the MSSF is a sequence of galaxies with nearly constant intensity of SFR b) sSFR values scale with Hubble type and increase radially outwards, with a steeper slope in the inner 1 HLR. This behavior suggests that galaxies are quenched inside-out, and that this process is faster in the central, bulge-dominated part than in the disks. c) As a whole, and at all radii, E and S0 are off the MSSF. d) Applying the volume-corrections for the CALIFA sample, we obtain a density of star formation in the local Universe of 0.0105 Msun/yr/Mpc^{-3}. Most of the star formation is occurring in the disks of spirals. e) The volume averaged birthrate parameter, b=0.39, suggests that the present day Universe is forming stars at 1/3 of its past average rate. E, S0, and the bulge of early type spirals contribute little to the recent SFR of the Universe, which is dominated by the disks of later spirals. f) There is a tight relation between the intensity of the SFR and stellar mass, defining a local MSSF relation with a logarithmic slope of 0.8.
Schwarzschild orbit-based dynamical models are widely used to uncover the internal dynamics of early-type galaxies and globular clusters. Here we present for the first time the Schwarzschild models of late-type galaxies: an SBb galaxy NGC 4210 and an S0 galaxy NGC 6278 from the CALIFA survey. The mass profiles within $2,R_e$ are constrained well with $1sigma$ statistical error of $sim 10%$. The luminous and dark mass can be disentangled with uncertainties of $sim 20%$ and $sim 50%$ respectively. From $R_e$ to $2,R_e$, the dark matter fraction increases from $14pm10%$ to $18pm10%$ for NGC 4210 and from $15pm10%$ to $30pm20%$ for NGC 6278. The velocity anisotropy profiles of both $sigma_r/sigma_t$ and $sigma_z/sigma_R$ are well constrained. The inferred internal orbital distributions reveal clear substructures. The orbits are naturally separated into three components: a cold component with near circular orbits, a hot component with near radial orbits, and a warm component in between. The photometrically-identified exponential disks are predominantly made up of cold orbits only beyond $sim 1,R_e$, while they are constructed mainly with the warm orbits inside. Our dynamical hot components are concentrated in the inner regions, similar to the photometrically-identified bulges. The reliability of the results, especially the orbit distribution, are verified by applying the model to mock data.
We present a comparative study of molecular and ionized gas kinematics in nearby galaxies. These results are based on observations from the EDGE survey, which measured spatially resolved $^{12}$CO(J=1-0) in 126 nearby galaxies. Every galaxy in EDGE has corresponding resolved ionized gas measurements from CALIFA. Using a sub-sample of 17 rotation dominated, star-forming galaxies where precise molecular gas rotation curves could be extracted, we derive CO and H$alpha$ rotation curves using the same geometric parameters out to $gtrsim$1 $R_e$. We find that $sim$75% of our sample galaxies have smaller ionized gas rotation velocities than the molecular gas in the outer part of the rotation curve. In no case is the molecular gas rotation velocity measurably lower than that of the ionized gas. We suggest that the lower ionized gas rotation velocity can be attributed to a significant contribution from extraplanar diffuse ionized gas in a thick, turbulence supported disk. Using observations of the H$gamma$ transition also available from CALIFA, we measure ionized gas velocity dispersions and find that these galaxies have sufficiently large velocity dispersions to support a thick ionized gas disk. Kinematic simulations show that a thick disk with a vertical rotation velocity gradient can reproduce the observed differences between the CO and H$alpha$ rotation velocities. Observed line ratios tracing diffuse ionized gas are elevated compared to typical values in the midplane of the Milky Way. In galaxies affected by this phenomenon, dynamical masses measured using ionized gas rotation curves will be systematically underestimated.