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Neutrino beams obtained from proton accelerators were first operated in 1962. Since then, neutrino beams have been intensively used in particle physics and evolved in many different ways. We describe the characteristics of various neutrino beams, relating them to the historical development of the physics studies and discoveries. We also discuss some of the ideas still under consideration for future neutrino beams.
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Neutrino beams at from high-energy proton accelerators have been instrumental discovery tools in particle physics. Neutrino beams are derived from the decays of charged pi and K mesons, which in turn are created from proton beams striking thick nuclear targets. The precise selection and manipulation of the pi/K beam control the energy spectrum and type of neutrino beam. This article describes the physics of particle production in a target and manipulation of the particles to derive a neutrino beam, as well as numerous innovations achieved at past experimental facilities.
The three-flavor neutrino oscillation paradigm is well established in particle physics thanks to the crucial contribution of accelerator neutrino beam experiments. In this paper we review the most important contributions of these experiments to the physics of massive neutrinos after the discovery of $theta_{13}$ and future perspectives in such a lively field of research. Special emphasis is given to the technical challenges of high power beams and the oscillation results of T2K, OPERA, ICARUS and NO$ u$A. We discuss in details the role of accelerator neutrino experiments in the precision era of neutrino physics in view of DUNE and Hyper-Kamiokande, the programme of systematic uncertainty reduction and the development of new beam facilities.
Fermilab has had a very active long baseline neutrino program since initiation of the NuMI project in 1998. Commissioned in 2005, the NuMI beam with 400 kW design power has been in operation for the MINOS neutrino oscillation program since that time. Upgrade of NuMI to 700 kW for NOvA is now well advanced, with implementation of the beam upgrades to be accomplished in 2012-2013. Design development for the next generation LBNE neutrino beam is now a major ongoing effort. We report here salient features and constraints for each of these beams, as well as significant challenges both experienced and expected.
Plasma wakefield accelerators are capable of sustaining gigavolt-per-centimeter accelerating fields, surpassing the electric breakdown threshold in state-of-the-art accelerator modules by 3-4 orders of magnitude. Beam-driven wakefields offer particularly attractive conditions for the generation and acceleration of high-quality beams. However, this scheme relies on kilometer-scale accelerators. Here, we report on the demonstration of a millimeter-scale plasma accelerator powered by laser-accelerated electron beams. We showcase the acceleration of electron beams to 130 MeV, consistent with simulations exhibiting accelerating gradients exceeding 100 GV/m. This miniaturized accelerator is further explored by employing a controlled pair of drive and witness electron bunches, where a fraction of the driver energy is transferred to the accelerated witness through the plasma. Such a hybrid approach allows fundamental studies of beam-driven plasma accelerator concepts at widely accessible high-power laser facilities. It is anticipated to provide compact sources of energetic high-brightness electron beams for quality-demanding applications such as free-electron lasers.
Neutrino oscillation physics has entered a new precision era, which poses major challenges to the level of control and diagnostics of the neutrino beams. In this paper, we review the design of high-precision beams, their current limitations, and the latest techniques envisaged to overcome such limits. We put emphasis on monitored neutrino beams and advanced diagnostics to determine the flux and flavor of the neutrinos produced at the source at the per-cent level. We also discuss ab-initio measurements of the neutrino energy -- i.e. measurements performed without relying on the event reconstruction at the neutrino detector -- to remove any flux-induced bias in the determination of the cross sections.
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