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Register a new userMitigation of multipacting in 113 MHz superconducting RF photo-injector
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Superconducting RF (SRF) photo-injectors are one of the most promising devices for generating continuous wave (CW) electron beams with record high brightness. Ultra-high vacuum of SRF guns provides for long lifetime of the high quantum efficiency (QE) photocathodes, while SRF technology provides for high accelerating gradients exceeding 10 MV/m. It is especially true for low frequency SRF guns where electrons are generated at photocathodes at the crest of accelerating voltage. Two main physics challenges of SRF guns are their compatibility with high QE photocathodes and multipacting. The first is related to a possibility of deposition of photocathode materials (such as Cs) on the walls of the SRF cavity, which can result in increased dark current via reduction of the bulk Nb work function and in enhancing of a secondary electron emission yield (SEY). SEY plays critical role in multipacting, which could both spoil the gun vacuum and speed up the deposition of the cathode material on the walls of the SRF cavity. In short, the multipactor behavior in superconducting accelerating units must be well understood for successful operation of an SRF photo-injector. In this paper we present our studies of 1.2 MV 113 MHz quarter-wave SRF photo-injector serving as a source of electron beam for the Coherent electron Cooling experiment (CeC) at BNL. During three years of operating our SRF gun we encountered a number of multipacting zones. We also observed that presence of $textrm{CsK}_{2}textrm{Sb}$ photocathode in the gun could create additional multipacting barriers. We had conducted a comprehensive numerical and experimental study of the multipactor discharge in our SRF gun, and had developed a process of crossing the multipacting barriers from zero to the operational voltage without affecting the lifetime of our photocathode and enhancing the strength of multipacting barriers.
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At EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB, the unique combination of an advanced high-brightness RF injector and a plasma-based accelerator will drive a new multi-disciplinary user-facility. The facility, that is currently under study at INFN-LNF Laboratories (Frascati, Italy) in synergy with the EuPRAXIA collaboration, will operate the plasma-based accelerator in the external injection configuration. Since in this configuration the stability and reproducibility of the acceleration process in the plasma stage is strongly influenced by the RF-generated electron beam, the main challenge for the RF injector design is related to generating and handling high quality electron beams. In the last decades of R&D activity, the crucial role of high-brightness RF photo-injectors in the fields of radiation generation and advanced acceleration schemes has been largely established, making them effective candidates to drive plasma-based accelerators as pilots for user facilities. An RF injector consisting in a high-brightness S-band photo-injector followed by an advanced X-band linac has been proposed for the EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB project. The electron beam dynamics in the photo-injector has been explored by means of simulations, resulting in high-brightness, ultra-short bunches with up to 3 kA peak current at the entrance of the advanced X-band linac booster. The EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB high-brightness photo-injector is described here together with performance optimisation and sensitivity studies aiming to actual check the robustness and reliability of the desired working point.
High-bunch-charge photoemission electron-sources operating in a continuous wave (CW) mode are required for many advanced applications of particle accelerators, such as electron coolers for hadron beams, electron-ion colliders, and free-electron lasers (FELs). Superconducting RF (SRF) has several advantages over other electron-gun technologies in CW mode as it offers higher acceleration rate and potentially can generate higher bunch charges and average beam currents. A 112 MHz SRF electron photoinjector (gun) was developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to produce high-brightness and high-bunch-charge bunches for the Coherent electron Cooling Proof-of-Principle (CeC PoP) experiment. The gun utilizes a quarter-wave resonator (QWR) geometry for assuring beam dynamics, and uses high quantum efficiency (QE) multi-alkali photocathodes for generating electrons.
Multipacting (MP) is a resonant electron discharge, often plaguing radiofrequency structures, produced by the synchronization of emitted electrons with the RF fields and by the electron multiplication at the impact point with the surface of the structure. The current of re-emitted electrons grows via true secondary re-emission when the secondary yield for the primary electron impact energy is greater than one. A simple example (MP in short-gap accelerating axial-symmetric cavities) allows an analytical solution of the equation of motion, giving both the synchronization (kinematics) and multiplication (impact energy) conditions as a function of the gap voltage (or accelerating field). Starting from this example a thorough discussion of MP discharges in axial-symmetric accelerating structures will be given and some poor mans rules are given to estimate the critical cavity field levels to meet the kinematic condition for resonance. The results of these poor mans rules are compared with computer simulations of MP discharges obtained by a statistical analysis of the re-emission yield for impinging electrons versus RF field level in the accelerating structure.
A 56 MHz superconducting RF cavity was designed and installed in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). It is the first superconducting quarter wave resonator (QWR) operating in a high-energy storage ring. We discuss herein the cavity operation with Au+Au collisions, and with asymmetrical Au+He3 collisions. The cavity is a storage cavity, meaning that it becomes active only at the energy of experiment, after the acceleration cycle is completed. With the cavity at 300 kV, an improvement in luminosity was detected from direct measurements, and the bunch length has been reduced. The uniqueness of the QWR demands an innovative design of the higher order mode dampers with high-pass filters, and a distinctive fundamental mode damper that enables the cavity to be bypassed during the acceleration stage.
The superconducting solenoid magnet prototype for ADS injection-I had been fabricated in Beijing Qihuan Mechanical and Electric Engineer Company and tested in Haerbin Institute of Technology (HIT) in Nov, 2012. Batch magnet production was processed after some major revision from the magnet prototype, they include: removing off the perm-alloy shield, extending the iron yoke, using thin superconducting cable, etc. The first one of the batch magnets was tested in the vertical Dewar in HIT in Sept. 2013. Field measurement was carried out at the same time by the measurement platform that seated on the top of the vertical Dewar. This paper will present the field measurement system design, measurement results and discussion on the residual field from the persistent current effect.
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