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Register a new userPlasma boosted electron beams for driving Free Electron Lasers
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In this paper, we report results of simulations, in the framework of both EuPRAXIA cite{Walk2017} and EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB cite{Ferr2017} projects, aimed at delivering a high brightness electron bunch for driving a Free Electron Laser (FEL) by employing a plasma post acceleration scheme. The boosting plasma wave is driven by a tens of SI{}{terawatt} class laser and doubles the energy of an externally injected beam up to GeV{1}. The injected bunch is simulated starting from a photoinjector, matched to plasma, boosted and finally matched to an undulator, where its ability to produce FEL radiation is verified to yield $O( um{e11})$ photons per shot at m{2.7}.
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Plasma driven particle accelerators represent the future of compact accelerating machines and Free Electron Lasers are going to benefit from these new technologies. One of the main issue of this new approach to FEL machines is the design of the transfer line needed to match of the electron-beam with the magnetic undulators. Despite the reduction of the chromaticity of plasma beams is one of the main goals, the target of this line is to be effective even in cases of beams with a considerable value of chromaticity. The method here explained is based on the code GIOTTO [1] that works using a homemade genetic algorithm and that is capable of finding optimal matching line layouts directly using a full 3D tracking code.
A model of a Free Electron Laser operating with an elliptically polarised undulator is presented. The equations describing the FEL interaction, including resonant harmonic radiation fields, are averaged over an undulator period and generate a generalised Bessel function scaling factor, similar to that of planar undulator FEL theory. Comparison between simulations of the averaged model with those of an unaveraged model show very good agreement in the linear regime. Two unexpected results were found. Firstly, an increased coupling to harmonics for elliptical rather than planar polarisarised undulators. Secondly, and thought to be unrelated to the undulator polarisation, a signficantly different evolution between the averaged and unaveraged simulations of the harmonic radiation evolution approaching FEL saturation.
Existing FEL facilities often suffer from stability issues: so electron orbit, transverse electron optics, electron bunch compression and other parameters have to be readjusted often to account for drifts in performance of various components. The tuning procedures typically employed in operation are often manual and lengthy. We have been developing a combination of model-free and model-based automatic tuning methods to meet the needs of present and upcoming XFEL facilities. Our approach has been implemented at FLASH cite{flash} to achieve automatic SASE tuning using empirical control of orbit, electron optics and bunch compression. In this paper we describe our approach to empirical tuning, the software which implements it, and the results of using it at FLASH. We also discuss the potential of using machine learning and model-based techniques in tuning methods.
The density matrix in the Lindblad form is used to describe the behavior of the Free-Electron Laser (FEL) operating in a quantum regime. The detrimental effects of the spontaneous emission on coherent FEL operation are taken into account. It is shown that the density matrix formalism provides a simple method to describe the dynamics of electrons and radiation field in the quantum FEL process. In this work, further insights on the key dynamic parameters (e.g., electron populations, bunching factor, radiation power) are presented. We also derive a simple differential equation that describes the evolution of the radiated power in the linear regime. It is confirmed that the essential results of this work agree with those predicted by a discrete Wigner approach at practical conditions for efficient operation of quantum FELs.
The spectacular development of Laser-Plasma Accelerators (LPA) appears very promising for a free electron laser application. The handling of the inherent properties of those LPA beams already allowed controlled production of LPA-based spontaneous undulator radiation. Stepping further, we here unveil that the forthcoming LPA-based seeded FELs will present singular spatio-spectral distributions. Relying on numerical simulations and simple analytical models, we show how those interferometric patterns can be exploited to retrieve, in single-shot, the spectro-temporal content and source point properties of the FEL pulses.
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