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Register a new userOptically transparent solid electrodes for precision Penning traps
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Added by
Nils Simon Stallkamp
Publication date
2018
fields
Physics
and research's language is
English
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We have conceived, built, and operated a cryogenic Penning trap with an electrically conducting yet optically transparent solid electrode. The trap, dedicated to spectroscopy and imaging of confined particles under large solid angles is of half-open design with one open endcap and one closed endcap that mainly consists of a glass window coated with a highly transparent conductive layer. This arrangement allows for trapping of externally or internally produced particles, yields flexible access for optical excitation and efficient light collection from the trapping region. At the same time, it is electrically closed and ensures long-term ion confinement under well-defined conditions. With its superior surface quality and its high as well as homogeneous optical transmission, the window electrode is an excellent replacement for partially transmissive electrodes that use holes, slits, metallic meshes and the like.
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We present designs for multipole ion traps based on a set of planar, annular, concentric electrodes which require only rf potentials to confine ions. We illustrate the desirable properties of the traps by considering a few simple cases of confined ions. We predict that mm-scale surface traps may have trap depths as high as tens of electron volts, or micromotion amplitudes in a 2-D ion crystal as low as tens of nanometers, when parameters of a magnitude common in the field are chosen. Several example traps are studied, and the scaling of those properties with voltage, frequency, and trap scale, for small numbers of ions, is derived. In addition, ions with very high charge-to-mass ratios may be confined in the trap, and species of very different charge-to-mass ratios may be simultaneously confined. Applications of these traps include quantum information science, frequency metrology, and cold ion-atom collisions.
This review article describes the trapping of charged particles. The main principles of electromagnetic confinement of various species from elementary particles to heavy atoms are briefly described. The preparation and manipulation with trapped single particles, as well as methods of frequency measurements, providing unprecedented precision, are discussed. Unique applications of Penning traps in fundamental physics are presented. Ultra-precise trap-measurements of masses and magnetic moments of elementary particles (electrons, positrons, protons and antiprotons) confirm CPT-conservation, and allow accurate determination of the fine-structure constant alpha and other fundamental constants. This together with the information on the unitarity of the quark-mixing matrix, derived from the trap-measurements of atomic masses, serves for assessment of the Standard Model of the physics world. Direct mass measurements of nuclides targeted to some advanced problems of astrophysics and nuclear physics are also presented.
Static magnetic field gradients superimposed on the electromagnetic trapping potential of a Penning trap can be used to implement laser-less spin-motion couplings that allow the realization of elementary quantum logic operations in the radio-frequency regime. An important scenario of practical interest is the application to $g$-factor measurements with single (anti-)protons to test the fundamental charge, parity, time reversal (CPT) invariance as pursued in the BASE collaboration [Smorra et al., Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 224, 3055-3108 (2015), Smorra et al., Nature 550, 371-374 (2017), Schneider et al., Science 358, 1081-1084 (2017)]. We discuss the classical and quantum behavior of a charged particle in a Penning trap with a superimposed magnetic field gradient. Using analytic and numerical calculations, we find that it is possible to carry out a SWAP gate between the spin and the motional qubit of a single (anti-)proton with high fidelity, provided the particle has been initialized in the motional ground state. We discuss the implications of our findings for the realization of quantum logic spectroscopy in this system.
Current precision experiments with single (anti)protons to test CPT symmetry progress at a rapid pace, but are complicated by the need to cool particles to sub-thermal energies. We describe a cryogenic Penning-trap setup for $^9$Be$^+$ ions designed to allow coupling of single (anti)protons to laser-cooled atomic ions for sympathetic cooling and quantum logic spectroscopy. We report on trapping and laser cooling of clouds and single $^9$Be$^+$ ions. We discuss prospects for a microfabricated trap to allow coupling of single (anti)protons to laser-cooled $^9$Be$^+$ ions for sympathetic laser cooling to sub-mK temperatures on ms time scales.
We demonstrate that spin chains are experimentally feasible using electrons confined in micro-Penning traps, supplemented with local magnetic field gradients. The resulting Heisenberg-like system is characterized by coupling strengths showing a dipolar decay. These spin chains can be used as a channel for short distance quantum communication. Our scheme offers high accuracy in reproducing an effective spin chain with relatively large transmission rate.
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