No Arabic abstract
Algorithmic issues concerning Elliott local semigroups are seldom considered in the literature, although these combinatorial structures completely classify AF algebras. In general, the addition operation of an Elliott local semigroup is {it partial}, but for every AF algebra $mathfrak B$ whose Murray-von Neumann order of projections is a lattice, this operation is uniquely extendible to the addition of an involutive monoid $E(mathfrak B)$. Let $mathfrak M_1$ be the Farey AF algebra introduced by the present author in 1988 and rediscovered by F. Boca in 2008. The freeness properties of the involutive monoid $E(mathfrak M_1)$ yield a natural word problem for every AF algebra $mathfrak B$ with singly generated $E(mathfrak B)$, because $mathfrak B$ is automatically a quotient of $mathfrak M_1$. Given two formulas $phi$ and $psi$ in the language of involutive monoids, the problem asks to decide whether $phi$ and $psi$ code the same equivalence of projections of $mathfrak B$. This mimics the classical definition of the word problem of a group presented by generators and relations. We show that the word problem of $mathfrak M_1$ is solvable in polynomial time, and so is the word problem of the Behnke-Leptin algebras $mathcal A_{n,k}$, and of the Effros-Shen algebras $mathfrak F_{theta}$, for $thetain [0,1]setminus mathbb Q$ a real algebraic number, or $theta = 1/e$. We construct a quotient of $mathfrak M_1$ having a Godel incomplete word problem, and show that no primitive quotient of $mathfrak M_1$ is Godel incomplete.
This note addresses the issue as to which ceers can be realized by word problems of computably enumerable (or, simply, c.e.) structures (such as c.e. semigroups, groups, and rings), where being realized means to fall in the same reducibility degree (under the notion of reducibility for equivalence relations usually called computable reducibility), or in the same isomorphism type (with the isomorphism induced by a computable function), or in the same strong isomorphism type (with the isomorphism induced by a computable permutation of the natural numbers). We observe for instance that every ceer is isomorphic to the word problem of some c.e. semigroup, but (answering a question of Gao and Gerdes) not every ceer is in the same reducibility degree of the word problem of some finitely presented semigroup, nor is it in the same reducibility degree of some non-periodic semigroup. We also show that the ceer provided by provable equivalence of Peano Arithmetic is in the same strong isomorphism type as the word problem of some non-commutative and non-Boolean c.e. ring.
Altenbernd, Thomas and Wohrle have considered in [ATW02] acceptance of languages of infinite two-dimensional words (infinite pictures) by finite tiling systems, with the usual acceptance conditions, such as the Buchi and Muller ones, firstly used for infinite words. Many classical decision problems are studied in formal language theory and in automata theory and arise now naturally about recognizable languages of infinite pictures. We first review in this paper some recent results of [Fin09b] where we gave the exact degree of numerous undecidable problems for Buchi-recognizable languages of infinite pictures, which are actually located at the first or at the second level of the analytical hierarchy, and highly undecidable. Then we prove here some more (high) undecidability results. We first show that it is $Pi_2^1$-complete to determine whether a given Buchi-recognizable languages of infinite pictures is unambiguous. Then we investigate cardinality problems. Using recent results of [FL09], we prove that it is $D_2(Sigma_1^1)$-complete to determine whether a given Buchi-recognizable language of infinite pictures is countably infinite, and that it is $Sigma_1^1$-complete to determine whether a given Buchi-recognizable language of infinite pictures is uncountable. Next we consider complements of recognizable languages of infinite pictures. Using some results of Set Theory, we show that the cardinality of the complement of a Buchi-recognizable language of infinite pictures may depend on the model of the axiomatic system ZFC. We prove that the problem to determine whether the complement of a given Buchi-recognizable language of infinite pictures is countable (respectively, uncountable) is in the class $Sigma_3^1 setminus (Pi_2^1 cup Sigma_2^1)$ (respectively, in the class $Pi_3^1 setminus (Pi_2^1 cup Sigma_2^1)$).
This paper considers the word problem for free inverse monoids of finite rank from a language theory perspective. It is shown that no free inverse monoid has context-free word problem; that the word problem of the free inverse monoid of rank $1$ is both $2$-context-free (an intersection of two context-free languages) and ET0L; that the co-word problem of the free inverse monoid of rank $1$ is context-free; and that the word problem of a free inverse monoid of rank greater than $1$ is not poly-context-free.
We first show that in the function realizability topos every metric space is separable, and every object with decidable equality is countable. More generally, working with synthetic topology, every $T_0$-space is separable and every discrete space is countable. It follows that intuitionistic logic does not show the existence of a non-separable metric space, or an uncountable set with decidable equality, even if we assume principles that are validated by function realizability, such as Dependent and Function choice, Markovs principle, and Brouwers continuity and fan principles.
We investigate four model-theoretic tameness properties in the context of least fixed-point logic over a family of finite structures. We find that each of these properties depends only on the elementary (i.e., first-order) limit theory, and we completely determine the valid entailments among them. In contrast to the context of first-order logic on arbitrary structures, the order property and independence property are equivalent in this setting. McColm conjectured that least fixed-point definability collapses to first-order definability exactly when proficiency fails. McColms conjecture is known to be false in general. However, we show that McColms conjecture is true for any family of finite structures whose limit theory is model-theoretically tame.