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Register a new userThe Structure of the Radio Recombination Line Maser Emission in the Envelope of MWC349A
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The Submillimeter Array (SMA) has been used to image the emission from radio recombination lines of hydrogen at subarcsecond angular resolution from the young high-mass star MWC349A in the H26$alpha$, H30$alpha$, and H31$alpha$ transitions at 353, 232, and 211 GHz, respectively. Emission was seen over a range of 80 kms-1 in velocity and 50~mas (corresponding to 60~AU for a distance of 1200 pc). The emission at each frequency has two distinct components, one from gas in a nearly edge-on annular disk structure in Keplerian motion, and another from gas lifted off the disk at distances of up to about 25~AU from the star. The slopes of the position-velocity (PV) curves for the disk emission show a monotonic progression of the emission radius with frequency with relative radii of $0.85pm0.04$, 1, and $1.02pm0.01$ for the H26$alpha$, H30$alpha$, and H31$alpha$ transitions, respectively. This trend is consistent with theoretical excitation models of maser emission from a region where the density decreases with radius and the lower transitions are preferentially excited at higher densities. The mass is difficult to estimate from the PV diagrams because the wind components dominate the emission at the disk edges. The mass estimate is constrained to be only in the range of 10--30 solar masses. The distribution of the wind emission among the transitions is surprisingly different, which reflects its sensitivity to excitation conditions. The wind probably extracts significant angular momentum from the system.
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We used the Submillimeter Array to map the angular distribution of the H30$alpha$ recombination line (231.9 GHz) in the circumstellar region of the peculiar star MWC349A. The resolution was $1farcs2$, but because of high signal-to-noise ratio we measured the positions of all maser components to accuracies better than $0farcs01$, at a velocity resolution of $1 kms$. The two strongest maser components (called high velocity components) at velocities near -14 and $32 kms$ are separated by $0farcs048 pm 0farcs001$ (60 AU) along a position angle of $102 pm 1arcdeg$. The distribution of maser emission at velocities between and beyond these two strongest components were also provided. The continuum emission lies at the center of the maser distribution to within 10 mas. The masers appear to trace a nearly edge-on rotating disk structure, reminiscent of the water masers in Keplerian rotation in the nuclear accretion disk of the galaxy NGC4258. However, the maser components in MWC349A do not follow a simple Keplerian kinematic prescription with $v sim r^{-1/2}$, but have a larger power law index. We explore the possibility that the high velocity masers trace spiral density or shock waves. We also emphasize caution in the interpretation of relative centroid maser positions where the maser is not clearly resolved in position or velocity, and we present simulations that illustrate the range of applicability of the centroiding method.
We present new Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) images of the central region of the W49A star-forming region at 3.6~cm and at 7~mm at resolutions of 0farcs15 (1650 au) and 0farcs04 (440 au), respectively. The 3.6~cm data reveal new morphological detail in the ultracompact ion{H}{2} region population, as well as several previously unknown and unresolved sources. In particular, source A shows elongated, edge-brightened, bipolar lobes, indicative of a collimated outflow, and source E is resolved into three spherical components. We also present VLA observations of radio recombination lines at 3.6~cm and 7~mm, and IRAM Northern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) observations at 1.2~mm. Three of the smallest ultracompact ion{H}{2} regions (sources A, B2 and G2) all show broad kinematic linewidths, with $Delta$V$_{FWHM}gtrsim$40~km~s$^{-1}$. A multi-line analysis indicates that broad linewidths remain after correcting for pressure broadening effects, suggesting the presence of supersonic flows. Substantial changes in linewidth over the 21 year time baseline at both 3.6 cm and 7 mm are found for source G2. At 3.6 cm, the linewidth of G2 changed from 31.7$pm$1.8 km s$^{-1}$ to 55.6$pm$2.7 km s$^{-1}$, an increase of $+$23.9$pm$3.4 km s$^{-1}$. The G2 source was previously reported to have shown a 3.6~cm continuum flux density decrease of 40% between 1994 and 2015. This source sits near the center of a very young bipolar outflow whose variability may have produced these changes.
We present new Effelsberg-100 m, ATCA, and VLA observations of rotational SiS transitions in the circumstellar envelope (CSE) of IRC +10216. Thanks to the high angular resolution achieved by the ATCA observations, we unambiguously confirm that the molecules J=1-0 transition exhibits maser action in this CSE, as first suggested more than thirty years ago. The maser emissions radial velocity peaking at a local standard of rest velocity of -39.862$pm$0.065 km/s indicates that it arises from an almost fully accelerated shell. Monitoring observations show time variability of the SiS (1-0) maser. The two lowest-$J$ SiS quasi-thermal emission lines trace a much more extended emitting region than previous high-J SiS observations. Their distributions show that the SiS quasi-thermal emission consists of two components: one is very compact (radius<1.5, corresponding to <3$times 10^{15}$ cm), and the other extends out to a radius >11. An incomplete shell-like structure is found in the north-east, which is indicative of existing SiS shells. Clumpy structures are also revealed in this CSE. The gain of the SiS (1-0) maser (optical depths of about -5 at the blue-shifted side and, assuming inversion throughout the entire lines velocity range, about -2 at the red-shifted side) suggests that it is unsaturated. The SiS (1-0) maser can be explained in terms of ro-vibrational excitation caused by infrared pumping, and we propose that infrared continuum emission is the main pumping source.
Observation of CO emission around asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars is the primary method to determine gas mass-loss rates. While radiative transfer models have shown that molecular levels of CO can become mildly inverted, causing maser emission, CO maser emission has yet to be confirmed observationally. High-resolution observations of the CO emission around AGB stars now have the brightness temperature sensitivity to detect possible weak CO maser emission. We used high angular resolution observations taken with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to observe the small-scale structure of CO $J=3-2$ emission around the oxygen-rich AGB star W Hya. We find CO maser emission amplifying the stellar continuum with an optical depth $tauapprox-0.55$. The maser predominantly amplifies the limb of the star because CO $J=3-2$ absorption from the extended stellar atmosphere is strongest towards the centre of the star. The CO maser velocity corresponds to a previously observed variable component of high-frequency H$_2$O masers and with the OH maser that was identified as the amplified stellar image. This implies that the maser originates beyond the acceleration region and constrains the velocity profile since we find the population inversion primarily in the inner circumstellar envelope. We find that inversion can be explained by the radiation field at 4.6 $mu$m and that the existence of CO maser emission is consistent with the estimated mass-loss rates for W Hya. However, the pumping mechanism requires a complex interplay between absorption and emission lines in the extended atmosphere. Excess from dust in the circumstellar envelope of W Hya is not sufficient to contribute significantly to the required radiation field at 4.6 $mu$m. The interplay between molecular lines that cause the pumping can be constrained by future multi-level CO observations.
Ring-like distributions of the 6.7 GHz methanol maser spots at milliarcsecond scales represent a family of molecular structures of unknown origin associated with high-mass young stellar objects (HMYSOs). We aim to study G23.657-00.127, which has a nearly circular ring of the 6.7 GHz methanol masers, and is the most suitable target to test hypotheses on the origin of the maser rings. The European Very Long Baseline Interferometry Network (EVN) was used at three epochs spanning 10.3 yr to derive the spatio-kinematical structure of the 6.7 GHz methanol maser emission in the target. The maser cloudlets, lying in a nearly symmetric ring, expand mainly in the radial direction with a mean velocity of 3.2 km s$^{-1}$. There is an indication that the radial component of the velocity increases with cloudlets distance from the ring centre. The tangential component does not show any clear evidence for rotation of the cloudlets or any relationship with distance from the ring centre. The blue-shifted masers may hint at an anticlockwise rotation of cloudlets in the southern part of the ring. The nearly circular structure of the ring clearly persisted for more than 10 yr. Interferometric data demonstrated that about one quarter of cloudlets show significant variability in their brightness, although the overall spectrum was non-variable in single-dish studies. Taking into account the three-dimensional motion of the maser cloudlets and their spatial distribution along a small ring, we speculate about two possible scenarios where the methanol masers trace either a spherical outflow arising from an (almost) edge-on disc, or a wide angle wind at the base of a protostellar jet. The latter is associated with near- and mid-infrared emission detected towards the ring. High angular resolution images of complementary (thermal) tracers are needed to interpret the environment of methanol masers.
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