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A theorem of Dolfi, Herzog, Kaplan, and Lev cite[Thm.~C]{DHKL} asserts that in a finite group with trivial Fitting subgroup, the size of the soluble residual of the group is bounded from below by a certain power of the group order, and that the inequality is sharp. Inspired by this result and some of the arguments in cite{DHKL}, we establish the following generalisation: if $mathfrak{X}$ is a subgroup-closed Fitting formation of full characteristic which does not contain all finite groups and $overline{mathfrak{X}}$ is the extension-closure of $mathfrak{X}$, then there exists an (optimal) constant $gamma$ depending only on $mathfrak{X}$ such that, for all non-trivial finite groups $G$ with trivial $mathfrak{X}$-radical, begin{equation} leftlvert G^{overline{mathfrak{X}}}rightrvert ,>, vert Gvert^gamma, end{equation} where $G^{overline{mathfrak{X}}}$ is the ${overline{mathfrak{X}}}$-residual of $G$. When $mathfrak{X} = mathfrak{N}$, the class of finite nilpotent groups, it follows that $overline{mathfrak{X}} = mathfrak{S}$, the class of finite soluble groups, thus we recover the original theorem of Dolfi, Herzog, Kaplan, and Lev. In the last section of our paper, building on J.,G. Thompsons classification of minimal simple groups, we exhibit a family of subgroup-closed Fitting formations $mathfrak{X}$ of full characteristic such that $mathfrak{S} subset overline{mathfrak{X}} subset mathfrak{E}$, thus providing applications of our main result beyond the reach of cite[Thm.~C]{DHKL}.
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A finite group $G$ is called a Schur group, if any Schur ring over $G$ is associated in a natural way with a subgroup of $Sym(G)$ that contains all right translations. Recently, the authors have completely identified the cyclic Schur groups. In this paper it is shown that any abelian Schur group belongs to one of several explicitly given families only. In particular, any non-cyclic abelian Schur group of odd order is isomorphic to $Z_3times Z_{3^k}$ or $Z_3times Z_3times Z_p$ where $kge 1$ and $p$ is a prime. In addition, we prove that $Z_2times Z_2times Z_p$ is a Schur group for every prime $p$.
Let $G$ be a finite group and $sigma$ a partition of the set of all? primes $Bbb{P}$, that is, $sigma ={sigma_i mid iin I }$, where $Bbb{P}=bigcup_{iin I} sigma_i$ and $sigma_icap sigma_j= emptyset $ for all $i e j$. If $n$ is an integer, we write $sigma(n)={sigma_i mid sigma_{i}cap pi (n) e emptyset }$ and $sigma (G)=sigma (|G|)$. We call a graph $Gamma$ with the set of all vertices $V(Gamma)=sigma (G)$ ($G e 1$) a $sigma$-arithmetic graph of $G$, and we associate with $G e 1$ the following three directed $sigma$-arithmetic graphs: (1) the $sigma$-Hawkes graph $Gamma_{Hsigma }(G)$ of $G$ is a $sigma$-arithmetic graph of $G$ in which $(sigma_i, sigma_j)in E(Gamma_{Hsigma }(G))$ if $sigma_jin sigma (G/F_{{sigma_i}}(G))$; (2) the $sigma$-Hall graph $Gamma_{sigma Hal}(G)$ of $G$ in which $(sigma_i, sigma_j)in E(Gamma_{sigma Hal}(G))$ if for some Hall $sigma_i$-subgroup $H$ of $G$ we have $sigma_jin sigma (N_{G}(H)/HC_{G}(H))$; (3) the $sigma$-Vasilev-Murashko graph $Gamma_{{mathfrak{N}_sigma }}(G)$ of $G$ in which $(sigma_i, sigma_j)in E(Gamma_{{mathfrak{N}_sigma}}(G))$ if for some ${mathfrak{N}_{sigma }}$-critical subgroup $H$ of $G$ we have $sigma_i in sigma (H)$ and $sigma_jin sigma (H/F_{{sigma_i}}(H))$. In this paper, we study the structure of $G$ depending on the properties of these three graphs of $G$.
Let $G$ be a finite group and $sigma ={sigma_{i} | iin I}$ some partition of the set of all primes $Bbb{P}$, that is, $sigma ={sigma_{i} | iin I }$, where $Bbb{P}=bigcup_{iin I} sigma_{i}$ and $sigma_{i}cap sigma_{j}= emptyset $ for all $i e j$. We say that $G$ is $sigma$-primary if $G$ is a $sigma _{i}$-group for some $i$. A subgroup $A$ of $G$ is said to be: ${sigma}$-subnormal in $G$ if there is a subgroup chain $A=A_{0} leq A_{1} leq cdots leq A_{n}=G$ such that either $A_{i-1}trianglelefteq A_{i}$ or $A_{i}/(A_{i-1})_{A_{i}}$ is $sigma$-primary for all $i=1, ldots, n$, modular in $G$ if the following conditions hold: (i) $langle X, A cap Z rangle=langle X, A rangle cap Z$ for all $X leq G, Z leq G$ such that $X leq Z$, and (ii) $langle A, Y cap Z rangle=langle A, Y rangle cap Z$ for all $Y leq G, Z leq G$ such that $A leq Z$. In this paper, a subgroup $A$ of $G$ is called $sigma$-quasinormal in $G$ if $L$ is modular and ${sigma}$-subnormal in $G$. We study $sigma$-quasinormal subgroups of $G$. In particular, we prove that if a subgroup $H$ of $G$ is $sigma$-quasinormal in $G$, then for every chief factor $H/K$ of $G$ between $H^{G}$ and $H_{G}$ the semidirect product $(H/K)rtimes (G/C_{G}(H/K))$ is $sigma$-primary.
Let $sigma ={sigma_{i} | iin I}$ be a partition of the set $Bbb{P}$ of all primes and $G$ a finite group. A chief factor $H/K$ of $G$ is said to be $sigma$-central if the semidirect product $(H/K)rtimes (G/C_{G}(H/K))$ is a $sigma_{i}$-group for some $i=i(H/K)$. $G$ is called $sigma$-nilpotent if every chief factor of $G$ is $sigma$-central. We say that $G$ is semi-${sigma}$-nilpotent (respectively weakly semi-${sigma}$-nilpotent) if the normalizer $N_{G}(A)$ of every non-normal (respectively every non-subnormal) $sigma$-nilpotent subgroup $A$ of $G$ is $sigma$-nilpotent. In this paper we determine the structure of finite semi-${sigma}$-nilpotent and weakly semi-${sigma}$-nilpotent groups.
Let $sigma ={sigma_i |iin I}$ is some partition of all primes $mathbb{P}$ and $G$ a finite group. A subgroup $H$ of $G$ is said to be $sigma$-subnormal in $G$ if there exists a subgroup chain $H=H_0leq H_1leq cdots leq H_n=G$ such that either $H_{i-1}$ is normal in $H_i$ or $H_i/(H_{i-1})_{H_i}$ is a finite $sigma_j$-group for some $j in I$ for $i = 1, ldots, n$. We call a finite group $G$ a $T_{sigma}$-group if every $sigma$-subnormal subgroup is normal in $G$. In this paper, we analyse the structure of the $T_{sigma}$-groups and give some characterisations of the $T_{sigma}$-groups.
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