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The IllustrisTNG project is a new suite of cosmological magneto-hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation performed with the Arepo code and updated models for feedback physics. Here we introduce the first two simulations of the series, TNG100 and TNG300, and quantify the stellar mass content of about 4000 massive galaxy groups and clusters ($10^{13} leq M_{rm 200c}/M_{rm sun} leq 10^{15}$) at recent times ($z leq 1$). The richest clusters have half of their total stellar mass bound to satellite galaxies, with the other half being associated with the central galaxy and the diffuse intra-cluster light. The exact ICL fraction depends sensitively on the definition of a central galaxys mass and varies in our most massive clusters between 20 to 40% of the total stellar mass. Haloes of $5times 10^{14}M_{rm sun}$ and above have more diffuse stellar mass outside 100 kpc than within 100 kpc, with power-law slopes of the radial mass density distribution as shallow as the dark matters ( $-3.5 < alpha_{rm 3D} < -3$). Total halo mass is a very good predictor of stellar mass, and vice versa: at $z=0$, the 3D stellar mass measured within 30 kpc scales as $propto (M_{rm 500c})^{0.49}$ with a $sim 0.12$ dex scatter. This is possibly too steep in comparison to the available observational constraints, even though the abundance of TNG less massive galaxies ($< 10^{11}M_{rm sun}$ in stars) is in good agreement with the measured galaxy stellar mass functions at recent epochs. The 3D sizes of massive galaxies fall too on a tight ($sim$0.16 dex scatter) power-law relation with halo mass, with $r^{rm stars}_{rm 0.5} propto (M_{rm 500c})^{0.53}$. Even more fundamentally, halo mass alone is a good predictor for the whole stellar mass profiles beyond the inner few kpc, and we show how on average these can be precisely recovered given a single mass measurement of the galaxy or its halo.
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Hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation have now reached sufficient volume to make precision predictions for clustering on cosmologically relevant scales. Here we use our new IllustrisTNG simulations to study the non-linear correlation functions and power spectra of baryons, dark matter, galaxies and haloes over an exceptionally large range of scales. We find that baryonic effects increase the clustering of dark matter on small scales and damp the total matter power spectrum on scales up to k ~ 10 h/Mpc by 20%. The non-linear two-point correlation function of the stellar mass is close to a power-law over a wide range of scales and approximately invariant in time from very high redshift to the present. The two-point correlation function of the simulated galaxies agrees well with SDSS at its mean redshift z ~ 0.1, both as a function of stellar mass and when split according to galaxy colour, apart from a mild excess in the clustering of red galaxies in the stellar mass range 10^9-10^10 Msun/h^2. Given this agreement, the TNG simulations can make valuable theoretical predictions for the clustering bias of different galaxy samples. We find that the clustering length of the galaxy auto-correlation function depends strongly on stellar mass and redshift. Its power-law slope gamma is nearly invariant with stellar mass, but declines from gamma ~ 1.8 at redshift z=0 to gamma ~ 1.6 at redshift z ~ 1, beyond which the slope steepens again. We detect significant scale-dependencies in the bias of different observational tracers of large-scale structure, extending well into the range of the baryonic acoustic oscillations and causing nominal (yet fortunately correctable) shifts of the acoustic peaks of around ~5%.
Recent stellar population analysis of early-type galaxy spectra has demonstrated that the low-mass galaxies in cluster centers have high [$alpha/rm Fe$] and old ages characteristic of massive galaxies and unlike the low-mass galaxy population in the outskirts of clusters and fields. This phenomenon has been termed coordinated assembly to highlight the fact that the building blocks of massive cluster central galaxies are drawn from a special subset of the overall low-mass galaxy population. Here we explore this idea in the IllustrisTNG simulations, particularly the TNG300 run, in order to understand how environment, especially cluster centers, shape the star formation histories of quiescent satellite galaxies in groups and clusters ($M_{200c,z=0}geq10^{13} M_{odot}$). Tracing histories of quenched satellite galaxies with $M_{star,z=0}geq10^{10} M_{odot}$, we find that those in more massive dark matter halos, and located closer to the primary galaxies, are quenched earlier, have shorter star formation timescales, and older stellar ages. The star formation timescale-$M_{star}$ and stellar age-$M_{star}$ scaling relations are in good agreement with observations, and are predicted to vary with halo mass and cluster-centric distance. The dependence on environment arises due to the infall histories of satellite galaxies: galaxies that are located closer to cluster centers in more massive dark matter halos at $z=0$ were accreted earlier on average. The delay between infall and quenching time is shorter for galaxies in more massive halos, and depends on the halo mass at its first accretion, showing that group pre-processing is a crucial aspect in satellite quenching.
Recent X-ray observations of galaxy clusters show that the distribution of intra-cluster medium (ICM) metallicity is remarkably uniform in space and time. In this paper, we analyse a large sample of simulated objects, from poor groups to rich clusters, to study the dependence of the metallicity and related quantities on the mass of the systems. The simulations are performed with an improved version of the Smoothed-Particle-Hydrodynamics texttt{GADGET-3} code and consider various astrophysical processes including radiative cooling, metal enrichment and feedback from stars and active galactic nuclei (AGN). The scaling between the metallicity and the temperature obtained in the simulations agrees well in trend and evolution with the observational results obtained from two data samples characterised by a wide range of masses and a large redshift coverage. We find that the iron abundance in the cluster core ($r<0.1R_{500}$) does not correlate with the temperature nor presents a significant evolution. The scale invariance is confirmed when the metallicity is related directly to the total mass. The slope of the best-fitting relations is shallow ($betasim-0.1$) in the innermost regions ($r<0.5R_{500}$) and consistent with zero outside. We investigate the impact of the AGN feedback and find that it plays a key role in producing a constant value of the outskirts metallicity from groups to clusters. This finding additionally supports the picture of early enrichment.
We investigate the contentious issue of the presence, or lack thereof, of satellites mass segregation in galaxy groups using the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey, the GALFORM semi-analytic and the EAGLE cosmological hydrodynamical simulation catalogues of galaxy groups. We select groups with halo mass $12 leqslant log(M_{text{halo}}/h^{-1}M_odot) <14.5$ and redshift $z leqslant 0.32$ and probe the radial distribution of stellar mass out to twice the group virial radius. All the samples are carefully constructed to be complete in stellar mass at each redshift range and efforts are made to regularise the analysis for all the data. Our study shows negligible mass segregation in galaxy group environments with absolute gradients of $lesssim0.08$ dex and also shows a lack of any redshift evolution. Moreover, we find that our results at least for the GAMA data are robust to different halo mass and group centre estimates. Furthermore, the EAGLE data allows us to probe much fainter luminosities ($r$-band magnitude of 22) as well as investigate the three-dimensional spatial distribution with intrinsic halo properties, beyond what the current observational data can offer. In both cases we find that the fainter EAGLE data show a very mild spatial mass segregation at $z leqslant 0.22$, which is again not apparent at higher redshift. Interestingly, our results are in contrast to some earlier findings using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We investigate the source of the disagreement and suggest that subtle differences between the group finding algorithms could be the root cause.
We use the IllustrisTNG (TNG) cosmological simulations to provide theoretical expectations for the dark matter mass fractions (DMFs) and circular velocity profiles of galaxies. TNG predicts flat circular velocity curves for $z = 0$ Milky Way (MW)-like galaxies beyond a few kpc from the galaxy centre, in better agreement with observational constraints than its predecessor, Illustris. TNG also predicts an enhancement of the dark matter mass within the 3D stellar half-mass radius ($r_mathrm{half}$; $M_mathrm{200c} = 10^{10}-10^{13}mathrm{M}_{odot}$, $z le2$) compared to its dark matter only and Illustris counterparts. This enhancement leads TNG present-day galaxies to be dominated by dark matter within their inner regions, with $f_mathrm{DM}(<r_mathrm{half})gtrsim0.5$ at all masses and with a minimum for MW-mass galaxies. The 1$sigma$ scatter is $lesssim$ 10~per~cent at all apertures, which is smaller than that inferred by some observational datasets, e.g. 40 per cent from the SLUGGS survey. TNG agrees with the majority of the observationally inferred values for elliptical galaxies once a consistent IMF is adopted (Chabrier) and the DMFs are measured within the same apertures. The DMFs measured within $r_mathrm{half}$ increase towards lower redshifts: this evolution is dominated by the increase in galaxy size with time. At $zsim2$, the DMF in disc-like TNG galaxies decreases with increasing galaxy mass, with $f_mathrm{DM}(<r_mathrm{half}) sim 0.10-0.65$ for $10^{10} lesssim M_{rm stars}/mathrm{M}_{odot} lesssim 10^{12}$, and are two times higher than if TNG galaxies resided in Navarro-Frenk-White dark matter haloes unaffected by baryonic physics. It remains to be properly assessed whether recent observational estimates of the DMFs at $zsim2$ rule out the contraction of the dark matter haloes predicted by the TNG model.
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