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Register a new userLong-Term Evolution of Genetic Programming Populations
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Added by
W B Langdon
Publication date
2017
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
Authors
W. B. Langdon
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We evolve binary mux-6 trees for up to 100000 generations evolving some programs with more than a hundred million nodes. Our unbounded Long-Term Evolution Experiment LTEE GP appears not to evolve building blocks but does suggests a limit to bloat. We do see periods of tens even hundreds of generations where the population is 100 percent functionally converged. The distribution of tree sizes is not as predicted by theory.
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This paper discusses scalability of standard genetic programming (GP) and the probabilistic incremental program evolution (PIPE). To investigate the need for both effective mixing and linkage learning, two test problems are considered: ORDER problem, which is rather easy for any recombination-based GP, and TRAP or the deceptive trap problem, which requires the algorithm to learn interactions among subsets of terminals. The scalability results show that both GP and PIPE scale up polynomially with problem size on the simple ORDER problem, but they both scale up exponentially on the deceptive problem. This indicates that while standard recombination is sufficient when no interactions need to be considered, for some problems linkage learning is necessary. These results are in agreement with the lessons learned in the domain of binary-string genetic algorithms (GAs). Furthermore, the paper investigates the effects of introducing utnnecessary and irrelevant primitives on the performance of GP and PIPE.
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Genetic Programming (GP) is an evolutionary algorithm commonly used for machine learning tasks. In this paper we present a method that allows GP to transform the representation of a large-scale machine learning dataset into a more compact representation, by means of processing features from the original representation at individual level. We develop as a proof of concept of this method an autoencoder. We tested a preliminary version of our approach in a variety of well-known machine learning image datasets. We speculate that this method, used in an iterative manner, can produce results competitive with state-of-art deep neural networks.
Learning ensembles by bagging can substantially improve the generalization performance of low-bias, high-variance estimators, including those evolved by Genetic Programming (GP). To be efficient, modern GP algorithms for evolving (bagging) ensembles typically rely on several (often inter-connected) mechanisms and respective hyper-parameters, ultimately compromising ease of use. In this paper, we provide experimental evidence that such complexity might not be warranted. We show that minor changes to fitness evaluation and selection are sufficient to make a simple and otherwise-traditional GP algorithm evolve ensembles efficiently. The key to our proposal is to exploit the way bagging works to compute, for each individual in the population, multiple fitness values (instead of one) at a cost that is only marginally higher than the one of a normal fitness evaluation. Experimental comparisons on classification and regression tasks taken and reproduced from prior studies show that our algorithm fares very well against state-of-the-art ensemble and non-ensemble GP algorithms. We further provide insights into the proposed approach by (i) scaling the ensemble size, (ii) ablating the changes to selection, (iii) observing the evolvability induced by traditional subtree variation. Code: https://github.com/marcovirgolin/2SEGP.
We evolve floating point Sextic polynomial populations of genetic programming binary trees for up to a million generations. Programs with almost four hundred million instructions are created by crossover. To support unbounded Long-Term Evolution Experiment LTEE GP we use both SIMD parallel AVX 512 bit instructions and 48 threads to yield performance of up to 139 billion GP operations per second, 139 giga GPops, on a single Intel Xeon Gold 6126 2.60GHz server.
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