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Register a new userPedestal and edge turbulence characteristics from an XGC1 gyrokinetic simulation
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Understanding the multi-scale neoclassical and turbulence physics in the edge region (pedestal + scrape-off layer) is required in order to reliably predict performance in future fusion devices. We explore turbulent characteristics in the edge region from a multiscale neoclassical and turbulent XGC1 gyrokinetic simulation in a DIII-D like tokamak geometry, here excluding neutrals and collisions. For an H-mode type plasma with steep pedestal, it is found that the electron density fluctuations increase towards the separatrix, and stay high well into the SOL, reaching a maximum value of $delta n_e / bar{n}_e sim 0.18$. Blobs are observed, born around the magnetic separatrix surface and propagate radially outward with velocities generally less than 1 km/s. Strong poloidal motion of the blobs is also present, near 20 km/s, consistent with $E times B$ rotation. The electron density fluctuations show a negative skewness in the closed field line pedestal regions, consistent with the presence of holes, followed by a transition to strong positive skewness across the separatrix and into the SOL. These simulations indicate that not only neoclassical phenomena, but also turbulence, including the blob-generation mechanism, can remain important in the steep H-mode pedestal and SOL. Qualitative comparisons will be made to experimental observations.
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Global electromagnetic gyrokinetic simulations show the existence of near threshold conditions for both a high-$n$ kinetic ballooning mode (KBM) and an intermediate-$n$ kinetic version of peeling-ballooning mode (KPBM) in the edge pedestal of two DIII-D H-mode discharges. When the magnetic shear is reduced in a narrow region of steep pressure gradient, the KPBM is significantly stabilized, while the KBM is weakly destabilized and hence becomes the most-unstable mode. Collisions decrease the KBMs critical $beta$ and increase the growth rate.
The physical processes taking place at the edge region are crucial for the operation of tokamaks as they govern the interaction of hot plasma with the vessel walls. Numerical modeling of the edge with state-of-the-art codes attempts to elucidate interactions between neoclassical drifts, turbulence, poloidal and parallel flows that control the physical set-up of the SOL region. Here, we present post-processing analysis of simulations from the gyrokinetic code XGC1, comparing edge turbulence characteristics from a simulation of DIII-D against one of C-Mod. We find that the equilibrium $E times B$ flux across the separatrix has a similar poloidal pattern in both discharges which can be explained by magnetic drifts and trapped ion excursions. However, collisionality is noted to play a major role in that it prevents local charge accumulations from having global effects in C-Mod. In both cases, turbulent electron heat flux is higher than the ion one. This seems to be a universal characteristic of the tokamak edge. We identify turbulent frequencies and growth rates of the dominant mode in both simulations. In C-Mod, these numbers point to the presence of a drift wave. In DIII-D, linear simulations with Gene reveal a trapped electron mode. Furthermore, we present the amplitude and size distributions of the blobs from both simulations. Amplitude distributions are in qualitative agreement with experimental observations while size distributions are consistent with the fact that most blobs are not connecting to the divertor plates and suggest that they are generated by the shearing of the turbulent modes.
The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach - solving numerically the large scales of a turbulent system and accounting for the small-scale influence through a model - is applied to nonlinear gyrokinetic systems that are driven by a number of different microinstabilities. Comparisons between modeled, lower resolution, and higher resolution simulations are performed for an experimental measurable quantity, the electron density fluctuation spectrum. Moreover, the validation and applicability of LES is demonstrated through a series of diagnostics based on the free energetics of the system.
The properties of the boundary plasma in a tokamak are now recognized to play a key role in determining the achievable fusion power and the lifetimes of plasma-facing components. Accurate quantitative modeling and improved qualitative understanding of the boundary plasma ultimately require five-dimensional gyrokinetic turbulence simulations, which have been successful in predicting turbulence and transport in the core. The additional challenges of boundary-plasma simulation necessitate the development of new gyrokinetic codes or major modifications to existing core gyrokinetic codes. In this thesis, we develop the first gyrokinetic continuum code capable of simulating plasma turbulence on open magnetic field lines, which is a key feature of a tokamak scrape-off layer. In contrast to prior attempts at this problem, we use an energy-conserving discontinuous Galerkin discretization in space. To model the interaction between the plasma and the wall, we design conducting-sheath boundary conditions that permit local currents into and out of the wall. We start by designing spatially one-dimensional kinetic models of parallel SOL dynamics and solve these systems using novel continuum algorithms. By generalizing these algorithms to higher dimensions and adding a model for collisions, we present results from the first gyrokinetic continuum simulations of turbulence on two types of open-field-line systems. The first simulation features uniform and straight field lines, such as found in some linear plasma devices. The second simulation is of a hypothetical model we developed of the NSTX scrape-off layer featuring helical field lines. These developments comprise a major step towards a gyrokinetic continuum code for quantitative predictions of turbulence and transport in the boundary plasma of magnetic fusion devices.
Self-consistent simulations of neoclassical and electrostatic turbulent transport in a DIII-D H-mode edge plasma under resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) have been performed using the global total-f gyrokinetic particle-in-cell code XGC, in order to study density-pump out and electron heat confinement. The RMP field is imported from the extended magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) code M3D-C1, taking into account the linear two-fluid plasma response. With both neoclassical and turbulence physics considered together, the XGC simulation reproduces two key features of experimentally observed edge transport under RMPs: increased radial particle transport in the pedestal region that is sufficient to account for the experimental pump-out rate, and suppression of the electron heat flux in the steepest part of the edge pedestal. In the simulation, the density fluctuation amplitude of modes moving in the electron diamagnetic direction increases due to interaction with RMPs in the pedestal shoulder and outward, while the electron temperature fluctuation amplitude decreases.
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