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Nanomechanical sensors and quantum nanosensors are two rapidly developing technologies that have diverse interdisciplinary applications in biological and chemical analysis and microscopy. For example, nanomechanical sensors based upon nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) have demonstrated chip-scale mass spectrometry capable of detecting single macromolecules, such as proteins. Quantum nanosensors based upon electron spins of negatively-charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have demonstrated diverse modes of nanometrology, including single molecule magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Here, we report the first step towards combining these two complementary technologies in the form of diamond nanomechanical structures containing NV centers. We establish the principles for nanomechanical sensing using such nano-spin-mechanical sensors (NSMS) and assess their potential for mass spectrometry and force microscopy. We predict that NSMS are able to provide unprecedented AC force images of cellular biomechanics and to, not only detect the mass of a single macromolecule, but also image its distribution. When combined with the other nanometrology modes of the NV center, NSMS potentially offer unparalleled analytical power at the nanoscale.
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We suggest a new type of nano-electromechanical resonator, the functionality of which is based on a magnetic field induced deflection of an appropriate cantilever that oscillates between nitrogen vacancy (NV) spins in daimond. Specifically, we consider a Si(100) cantilever coated with a thin magnetic Ni film. Magnetoelastic stress and magnetic-field induced torque are utilized to induce a controlled cantilever deflection. It is shown that, depending on the value of the system parameters, the induced asymmetry of the cantilever deflection substantially modifies the characteristics of the system. In particular, the coupling strength between the NV spins and the degree of entanglement can be controlled through magnetoelastic stress and magnetic-field induced torque effects. Our theoretical proposal can be implemented experimentally with the potential of increasing several times the coupling strength between the NV spins as compared to the maximal coupling strength reported before in P. Rabl, et al. Phys. Rev. B 79, 041302(R) (2009).
The ability to sensitively detect charges under ambient conditions would be a fascinating new tool benefitting a wide range of researchers across disciplines. However, most current techniques are limited to low-temperature methods like single-electron transistors (SET), single-electron electrostatic force microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy. Here we open up a new quantum metrology technique demonstrating precision electric field measurement using a single nitrogen-vacancy defect centre(NV) spin in diamond. An AC electric field sensitivity reaching ~ 140V/cm/surd Hz has been achieved. This corresponds to the electric field produced by a single elementary charge located at a distance of ~ 150 nm from our spin sensor with averaging for one second. By careful analysis of the electronic structure of the defect centre, we show how an applied magnetic field influences the electric field sensing properties. By this we demonstrate that diamond defect centre spins can be switched between electric and magnetic field sensing modes and identify suitable parameter ranges for both detector schemes. By combining magnetic and electric field sensitivity, nanoscale detection and ambient operation our study opens up new frontiers in imaging and sensing applications ranging from material science to bioimaging.
We report on the noise spectrum experienced by few nanometer deep nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond as a function of depth, surface coating, magnetic field and temperature. Analysis reveals a double-Lorentzian noise spectra consistent with a surface electronic spin bath, with slower dynamics due to spin-spin interactions and faster dynamics related to phononic coupling. These results shed new light on the mechanisms responsible for surface noise affecting shallow spins at semiconductor interfaces, and suggests possible directions for further studies. We demonstrate dynamical decoupling from the surface noise, paving the way to applications ranging from nanoscale NMR to quantum networks.
Nanomagnetometry using the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre in diamond has attracted a great deal of interest because of the combined features of room temperature operation, nanoscale resolution and high sensitivity. One of the important goals for nano-magnetometry is to be able to detect nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in individual molecules. Our theoretical analysis shows how a single molecule at the surface of diamond, with characteristic NMR frequencies, can be detected using a proximate NV centre on a time scale of order seconds with nanometer precision. We perform spatio-temporal resolution optimisation and also outline paths to greater sensitivity. In addition, the method is suitable for application in low and relatively inhomogeneous background magnetic fields in contrast to both conventional liquid and solid state NMR spectroscopy.
Measuring local temperature with a spatial resolution on the order of a few nanometers has a wide range of applications from semiconductor industry over material to life sciences. When combined with precision temperature measurement it promises to give excess to small temperature changes caused e.g. by chemical reactions or biochemical processes. However, nanoscale temperature measurements and precision have excluded each other so far owing to the physical processes used for temperature measurement of limited stability of nanoscale probes. Here we experimentally demonstrate a novel nanoscale temperature sensing technique based on single atomic defects in diamonds. Sensor sizes range from millimeter down to a few tens of nanometers. Utilizing the sensitivity of the optically accessible electron spin level structure to temperature changes we achieve a temperature noise floor of 5 mK Hz$^{-1/2}$ for single defects in bulk sensors. Using doped nanodiamonds as sensors yields temperature measurement with 130 mK Hz$^{-1/2}$ noise floor and accuracies down to 1 mK at length scales of a few ten nanometers. The high sensitivity to temperature changes together with excellent spatial resolution combined with outstanding sensor stability allows for nanoscale precision temperature determination enough to measure chemical processes of few or single molecules by their reaction heat even in heterogeneous environments like cells.
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