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Register a new userFusion of EEG and Musical Features in Continuous Music-emotion Recognition
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Added by
Nattapong Thammasan
Publication date
2016
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
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Emotion estimation in music listening is confronting challenges to capture the emotion variation of listeners. Recent years have witnessed attempts to exploit multimodality fusing information from musical contents and physiological signals captured from listeners to improve the performance of emotion recognition. In this paper, we present a study of fusion of signals of electroencephalogram (EEG), a tool to capture brainwaves at a high-temporal resolution, and musical features at decision level in recognizing the time-varying binary classes of arousal and valence. Our empirical results showed that the fusion could outperform the performance of emotion recognition using only EEG modality that was suffered from inter-subject variability, and this suggested the promise of multimodal fusion in improving the accuracy of music-emotion recognition.
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Emotion recognition based on EEG has become an active research area. As one of the machine learning models, CNN has been utilized to solve diverse problems including issues in this domain. In this work, a study of CNN and its spatiotemporal feature extraction has been conducted in order to explore capabilities of the model in varied window sizes and electrode orders. Our investigation was conducted in subject-independent fashion. Results have shown that temporal information in distinct window sizes significantly affects recognition performance in both 10-fold and leave-one-subject-out cross validation. Spatial information from varying electrode order has modicum effect on classification. SVM classifier depending on spatiotemporal knowledge on the same dataset was previously employed and compared to these empirical results. Even though CNN and SVM have a homologous trend in window size effect, CNN outperformed SVM using leave-one-subject-out cross validation. This could be caused by different extracted features in the elicitation process.
We propose an audio-visual spatial-temporal deep neural network with: (1) a visual block containing a pretrained 2D-CNN followed by a temporal convolutional network (TCN); (2) an aural block containing several parallel TCNs; and (3) a leader-follower attentive fusion block combining the audio-visual information. The TCN with large history coverage enables our model to exploit spatial-temporal information within a much larger window length (i.e., 300) than that from the baseline and state-of-the-art methods (i.e., 36 or 48). The fusion block emphasizes the visual modality while exploits the noisy aural modality using the inter-modality attention mechanism. To make full use of the data and alleviate over-fitting, cross-validation is carried out on the training and validation set. The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) centering is used to merge the results from each fold. On the test (validation) set of the Aff-Wild2 database, the achieved CCC is 0.463 (0.469) for valence and 0.492 (0.649) for arousal, which significantly outperforms the baseline method with the corresponding CCC of 0.200 (0.210) and 0.190 (0.230) for valence and arousal, respectively. The code is available at https://github.com/sucv/ABAW2.
Time-continuous dimensional descriptions of emotions (e.g., arousal, valence) allow researchers to characterize short-time changes and to capture long-term trends in emotion expression. However, continuous emotion labels are generally not synchronized with the input speech signal due to delays caused by reaction-time, which is inherent in human evaluations. To deal with this challenge, we introduce a new convolutional neural network (multi-delay sinc network) that is able to simultaneously align and predict labels in an end-to-end manner. The proposed network is a stack of convolutional layers followed by an aligner network that aligns the speech signal and emotion labels. This network is implemented using a new convolutional layer that we introduce, the delayed sinc layer. It is a time-shifted low-pass (sinc) filter that uses a gradient-based algorithm to learn a single delay. Multiple delayed sinc layers can be used to compensate for a non-stationary delay that is a function of the acoustic space. We test the efficacy of this system on two common emotion datasets, RECOLA and SEWA, and show that this approach obtains state-of-the-art speech-only results by learning time-varying delays while predicting dimensional descriptors of emotions.
Despite remarkable advances in emotion recognition, they are severely restrained from either the essentially limited property of the employed single modality, or the synchronous presence of all involved multiple modalities. Motivated by this, we propose a novel crossmodal emotion embedding framework called EmoBed, which aims to leverage the knowledge from other auxiliary modalities to improve the performance of an emotion recognition system at hand. The framework generally includes two main learning components, i. e., joint multimodal training and crossmodal training. Both of them tend to explore the underlying semantic emotion information but with a shared recognition network or with a shared emotion embedding space, respectively. In doing this, the enhanced system trained with this approach can efficiently make use of the complementary information from other modalities. Nevertheless, the presence of these auxiliary modalities is not demanded during inference. To empirically investigate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed framework, we perform extensive experiments on the two benchmark databases RECOLA and OMG-Emotion for the tasks of dimensional emotion regression and categorical emotion classification, respectively. The obtained results show that the proposed framework significantly outperforms related baselines in monomodal inference, and are also competitive or superior to the recently reported systems, which emphasises the importance of the proposed crossmodal learning for emotion recognition.
How to effectively and efficiently extract valid and reliable features from high-dimensional electroencephalography (EEG), particularly how to fuse the spatial and temporal dynamic brain information into a better feature representation, is a critical issue in brain data analysis. Most current EEG studies work in a task driven manner and explore the valid EEG features with a supervised model, which would be limited by the given labels to a great extent. In this paper, we propose a practical hybrid unsupervised deep convolutional recurrent generative adversarial network based EEG feature characterization and fusion model, which is termed as EEGFuseNet. EEGFuseNet is trained in an unsupervised manner, and deep EEG features covering both spatial and temporal dynamics are automatically characterized. Comparing to the existing features, the characterized deep EEG features could be considered to be more generic and independent of any specific EEG task. The performance of the extracted deep and low-dimensional features by EEGFuseNet is carefully evaluated in an unsupervised emotion recognition application based on three public emotion databases. The results demonstrate the proposed EEGFuseNet is a robust and reliable model, which is easy to train and performs efficiently in the representation and fusion of dynamic EEG features. In particular, EEGFuseNet is established as an optimal unsupervised fusion model with promising cross-subject emotion recognition performance. It proves EEGFuseNet is capable of characterizing and fusing deep features that imply comparative cortical dynamic significance corresponding to the changing of different emotion states, and also demonstrates the possibility of realizing EEG based cross-subject emotion recognition in a pure unsupervised manner.
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