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Register a new userEmoBed: Strengthening Monomodal Emotion Recognition via Training with Crossmodal Emotion Embeddings
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Added by
Zixing Zhang
Publication date
2019
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
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Despite remarkable advances in emotion recognition, they are severely restrained from either the essentially limited property of the employed single modality, or the synchronous presence of all involved multiple modalities. Motivated by this, we propose a novel crossmodal emotion embedding framework called EmoBed, which aims to leverage the knowledge from other auxiliary modalities to improve the performance of an emotion recognition system at hand. The framework generally includes two main learning components, i. e., joint multimodal training and crossmodal training. Both of them tend to explore the underlying semantic emotion information but with a shared recognition network or with a shared emotion embedding space, respectively. In doing this, the enhanced system trained with this approach can efficiently make use of the complementary information from other modalities. Nevertheless, the presence of these auxiliary modalities is not demanded during inference. To empirically investigate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed framework, we perform extensive experiments on the two benchmark databases RECOLA and OMG-Emotion for the tasks of dimensional emotion regression and categorical emotion classification, respectively. The obtained results show that the proposed framework significantly outperforms related baselines in monomodal inference, and are also competitive or superior to the recently reported systems, which emphasises the importance of the proposed crossmodal learning for emotion recognition.
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Despite the recent achievements made in the multi-modal emotion recognition task, two problems still exist and have not been well investigated: 1) the relationship between different emotion categories are not utilized, which leads to sub-optimal performance; and 2) current models fail to cope well with low-resource emotions, especially for unseen emotions. In this paper, we propose a modality-transferable model with emotion embeddings to tackle the aforementioned issues. We use pre-trained word embeddings to represent emotion categories for textual data. Then, two mapping functions are learned to transfer these embeddings into visual and acoustic spaces. For each modality, the model calculates the representation distance between the input sequence and target emotions and makes predictions based on the distances. By doing so, our model can directly adapt to the unseen emotions in any modality since we have their pre-trained embeddings and modality mapping functions. Experiments show that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on most of the emotion categories. In addition, our model also outperforms existing baselines in the zero-shot and few-shot scenarios for unseen emotions.
Many mobile applications and virtual conversational agents now aim to recognize and adapt to emotions. To enable this, data are transmitted from users devices and stored on central servers. Yet, these data contain sensitive information that could be used by mobile applications without users consent or, maliciously, by an eavesdropping adversary. In this work, we show how multimodal representations trained for a primary task, here emotion recognition, can unintentionally leak demographic information, which could override a selected opt-out option by the user. We analyze how this leakage differs in representations obtained from textual, acoustic, and multimodal data. We use an adversarial learning paradigm to unlearn the private information present in a representation and investigate the effect of varying the strength of the adversarial component on the primary task and on the privacy metric, defined here as the inability of an attacker to predict specific demographic information. We evaluate this paradigm on multiple datasets and show that we can improve the privacy metric while not significantly impacting the performance on the primary task. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to analyze how the privacy metric differs across modalities and how multiple privacy concerns can be tackled while still maintaining performance on emotion recognition.
Emotion recognition based on EEG has become an active research area. As one of the machine learning models, CNN has been utilized to solve diverse problems including issues in this domain. In this work, a study of CNN and its spatiotemporal feature extraction has been conducted in order to explore capabilities of the model in varied window sizes and electrode orders. Our investigation was conducted in subject-independent fashion. Results have shown that temporal information in distinct window sizes significantly affects recognition performance in both 10-fold and leave-one-subject-out cross validation. Spatial information from varying electrode order has modicum effect on classification. SVM classifier depending on spatiotemporal knowledge on the same dataset was previously employed and compared to these empirical results. Even though CNN and SVM have a homologous trend in window size effect, CNN outperformed SVM using leave-one-subject-out cross validation. This could be caused by different extracted features in the elicitation process.
Various psychological factors affect how individuals express emotions. Yet, when we collect data intended for use in building emotion recognition systems, we often try to do so by creating paradigms that are designed just with a focus on eliciting emotional behavior. Algorithms trained with these types of data are unlikely to function outside of controlled environments because our emotions naturally change as a function of these other factors. In this work, we study how the multimodal expressions of emotion change when an individual is under varying levels of stress. We hypothesize that stress produces modulations that can hide the true underlying emotions of individuals and that we can make emotion recognition algorithms more generalizable by controlling for variations in stress. To this end, we use adversarial networks to decorrelate stress modulations from emotion representations. We study how stress alters acoustic and lexical emotional predictions, paying special attention to how modulations due to stress affect the transferability of learned emotion recognition models across domains. Our results show that stress is indeed encoded in trained emotion classifiers and that this encoding varies across levels of emotions and across the lexical and acoustic modalities. Our results also show that emotion recognition models that control for stress during training have better generalizability when applied to new domains, compared to models that do not control for stress during training. We conclude that is is necessary to consider the effect of extraneous psychological factors when building and testing emotion recognition models.
This paper introduces scattering transform for speech emotion recognition (SER). Scattering transform generates feature representations which remain stable to deformations and shifting in time and frequency without much loss of information. In speech, the emotion cues are spread across time and localised in frequency. The time and frequency invariance characteristic of scattering coefficients provides a representation robust against emotion irrelevant variations e.g., different speakers, language, gender etc. while preserving the variations caused by emotion cues. Hence, such a representation captures the emotion information more efficiently from speech. We perform experiments to compare scattering coefficients with standard mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) over different databases. It is observed that frequency scattering performs better than time-domain scattering and MFCCs. We also investigate layer-wise scattering coefficients to analyse the importance of time shift and deformation stable scalogram and modulation spectrum coefficients for SER. We observe that layer-wise coefficients taken independently also perform better than MFCCs.
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