No Arabic abstract
The Lagrangian representation of multi-Hamiltonian PDEs has been introduced by Y. Nutku and one of us (MVP). In this paper we focus on systems which are (at least) bi-Hamiltonian by a pair $A_1$, $A_2$, where $A_1$ is a hydrodynamic-type Hamiltonian operator. We prove that finding the Lagrangian representation is equivalent to finding a generalized vector field $tau$ such that $A_2=L_tau A_1$. We use this result in order to find the Lagrangian representation when $A_2$ is a homogeneous third-order Hamiltonian operator, although the method that we use can be applied to any other homogeneous Hamiltonian operator. As an example we provide the Lagrangian representation of a WDVV hydrodynamic-type system in $3$ components.
We consider the WDVV associativity equations in the four dimensional case. These nonlinear equations of third order can be written as a pair of six component commuting two-dimensional non-diagonalizable hydrodynamic type systems. We prove that these systems possess a compatible pair of local homogeneous Hamiltonian structures of Dubrovin--Novikov type (of first and third order, respectively).
A reductive structure is associated here with Lagrangian canonically defined conserved quantities on gauge-natural bundles. Parametrized transformations defined by the gauge-natural lift of infinitesimal principal automorphisms induce a variational sequence such that the generalized Jacobi morphism is naturally self-adjoint. As a consequence, its kernel defines a reductive split structure on the relevant underlying principal bundle.
Based on the theory of Poisson vertex algebras we calculate skew-symmetry conditions and Jacobi identities for a class of third-order nonlocal operators of differential-geometric type. Hamiltonian operators within this class are defined by a Monge metric and a skew-symmetric two-form satisfying a number of differential-geometric constraints. Complete classification results in the 2-component and 3-component cases are obtained.
We construct a local tri-Hamiltonian structure of the Ablowitz-Ladik hierarchy, and compute the central invariants of the associated bihamiltonian structures. We show that the central invariants of one of the bihamiltonian structures are equal to 1/24, and the dispersionless limit of this bihamiltonian structure coincides with the one that is defined on the jet space of the Frobenius manifold associated with the Gromov-Witten invariants of local CP1. This result provides support for the validity of Brinis conjecture on the relation of these Gromov-Witten invariants with the Ablowitz-Ladik hierarchy.
We study several formulations of zero-mass relativistic equations, stressing similarities between different frameworks. It is shown that all these massless wave equations have fermionic as well as bosonic solutions.