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Register a new userLong-term stability and temperature variability of Iris AO segmented MEMS deformable mirrors
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Long-term stability of deformable mirrors (DM) is a critical performance requirement for instruments requiring open-loop corrections. The effects of temperature changes in the DM performance are equally critical for such instruments. This paper investigates the long-term stability of three different Iris AO PTT111 DMs that were calibrated at different times ranging from 13 months to nearly 29 months prior to subsequent testing. Performance testing showed that only a small increase in positioning errors occurred from the initial calibration date to the test dates. The increases in errors ranged from as little as 1.38 nm rms after 18 months to 5.68 nm rms after 29 months. The paper also studies the effects of small temperature changes, up to 6.2{deg}C around room temperature. For three different arrays, the errors ranged from 0.62-1.42 nm rms/{deg}C. Removing the effects of packaging shows that errors are $le$0.50 nm rms/{deg}C. Finally, measured data showed that individual segments deformed $le$0.11 nm rms/{deg}C when heated.
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The MagAO-X instrument is an upgrade of the Magellan AO system that will introduce extreme adaptive optics capabilities for high-contrast imaging at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. A central component of this system is a 2040-actuator microelectromechanical (MEMS) deformable mirror (DM) from Boston Micromachines Corp. (BMC) that will operate at 3.63 kHz for high-order wavefront control. Two additional DMs from ALPAO will perform low-order and non-common-path science-arm wavefront correction. The accuracy of the wavefront correction is limited by our ability to command these DMs to a desired shape, which requires a careful characterization of each DM surface. We have developed a characterization pipeline that uses a Zygo Verifire Interferometer to measure the surface response and a Karhunen-Lo`eve transform to remove noise from our measurements. We present our progress in the characterization process and the results of our pipeline applied to an ALPAO DM97 and a BMC Kilo-DM, demonstrating the ability to drive the DMs to a flat of $lesssim$ 2nm and $lesssim$ 4nm RMS in our beam footprint on the University of Arizona Wavefront Control (UAWFC) testbed.
The MagAO-X instrument is a new extreme adaptive optics system for high-contrast imaging at visible and near-infrared wavelengths on the Magellan Clay Telescope. A central component of this system is a 2040-actuator microelectromechanical deformable mirror (DM) from Boston Micromachines Corp. that operates at 3.63 kHz for high-order wavefront control (the tweeter). Two additional DMs from ALPAO perform the low-order (the woofer) and non-common-path science-arm wavefront correction (the NCPC DM). Prior to integration with the instrument, we characterized these devices using a Zygo Verifire Interferometer to measure each DM surface. We present the results of the characterization effort here, demonstrating the ability to drive tweeter to a flat of 6.9 nm root mean square (RMS) surface (and 0.56 nm RMS surface within its control bandwidth), the woofer to 2.2 nm RMS surface, and the NCPC DM to 2.1 nm RMS surface over the MagAO-X beam footprint on each device. Using focus-diversity phase retrieval on the MagAO-X science cameras to estimate the internal instrument wavefront error (WFE), we further show that the integrated DMs correct the instrument WFE to 18.7 nm RMS, which, combined with a 11.7% pupil amplitude RMS, produces a Strehl ratio of 0.94 at H$alpha$.
We present preliminary results of our analysis on the long-term variations observed in the optical spectrum of the LBV star Eta Carinae. Based on the hydrogen line profiles, we conclude that the physical parameters of the primary star did not change in the last 15 years.
Advancements in making high-efficiency actuators are an enabling technology for building the next generation of large-format deformable mirrors. The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) has developed a new style of variable-reluctance actuator that requires approximately eighty times less power to operate as compared to the traditional style of voice-coil actuators. We present the performance results from laboratory testing of TNOs 57-actuator large-format deformable mirror from measuring the influence functions, linearity, hysteresis, natural shape flattening, actuator cross-coupling, creep, repeatability, and actuator lifetime. We measure a linearity of 99.4 +- 0.33% and hysteresis of 2.10 +- 0.23% over a stroke of 10 microns, indicating that this technology has strong potential for use in on-sky adaptive secondary mirrors (ASMs). We summarize plans for future lab prototypes and ASMs that will further demonstrate this technology.
In order to evaluate the potential of MEMS deformable mirrors for open-loop applications, a complete calibration process was performed on a 1024-actuator mirror. The mirror must be perfectly calibrated to obtain deterministic membrane deflection. The actuators stroke-voltage relationship and the effect of the non- additivity of the influence functions are studied and finally integrated in an open-loop control process. This experiment aimed at minimizing the residual error obtained in open-loop control.
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