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Register a new userSimulation of diffusive particle propagation and related TeV gamma-ray emission at the Galactic Center
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Observations of the Galactic Center (GC) region in very-high-energy (VHE, >100 GeV) gamma rays, conducted with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.), led to the detection of an extended region of diffuse gamma-ray emission in 2006. To date, the exact origin of this emission has remained unclear, although a tight spatial correlation between the density distribution of the molecular material of the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) and the morphology of the observed gamma-ray excess points towards a hadronic production scenario. In this proceeding, we present a numerical study of the propagation of high-energy cosmic rays (CRs) through a turbulent environment such as the GC region. In our analysis, we derive an energy-dependent parametrization for the diffusion coefficient which we use for our simulation of the diffuse gamma-ray emission at the GC. Assuming that hadronic CRs have been released by a single impulsive event at the center of our Galaxy, we probe the question whether or not the interaction processes of the diffusing hadrons with ambient matter can explain the observed diffuse gamma-ray excess. Our results disfavor this scenario, as our analysis indicates that the diffusion process is, on timescales compared to the typical proton lifetime at the GC region, too slow to explain the extension of the observed emission.
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Measuring the diffuse Galactic gamma-ray flux in the TeV range is difficult for ground-based gamma-ray telescopes because of the residual cosmic-ray background, which is higher than the gamma-ray flux by several orders of magnitude. Its detection is also challenging for space-based telescopes because of low signal statistics. We characterize the diffuse TeV flux from the Galaxy using decade-long exposures of the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Considering that the level of diffuse Galactic emission in the TeV band approaches the level of residual cosmic-ray background, we estimated the level of residual cosmic-ray background in the SOURCEVETO event selection and verified that the TeV diffuse Galactic emission flux is well above the residual cosmic-ray background up to high Galactic latitude regions. We study spectral and imaging properties of the diffuse TeV signal from the Galactic plane. We find much stronger emission from the inner Galactic plane than in previous HESS telescope estimates (lower bound). We also find a significant difference in the measurement of the Galactic longitude and latitude profiles of the signal measured by Fermi and HESS. These discrepancies are presumably explained by the fact that regions of background estimate in HESS have non-negligible gamma-ray flux. Comparing Fermi measurements with those of ARGO-YBJ, we find better agreement, with the notable exception of the Cygnus region, where we find much higher flux (by a factor 1.5). We also measure the TeV diffuse emission spectrum up to high Galactic latitude and show that the spectra of different regions of the sky have spectral slopes consistent with Gamma=2.34+/- 0.04. We discuss the possible origin of the hard slope of the TeV diffuse emission. Fermi/LAT provides reliable measurements of the diffuse Galactic emission spectrum in the TeV range.
The Galactic Center (GC) region hosts a variety of powerful astronomical sources and rare astrophysical processes that emit a large flux of non-thermal radiation. The inner 375 pc x 600 pc region, called the Central Molecular Zone, is home to the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*, massive cloud complexes, and particle accelerators such as supernova remnants. We present the results of our improved analysis of the very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission above 2 TeV from the GC using 125 hours of data taken with the VERITAS imaging-atmospheric Cherenkov telescope between 2010 and 2018. The central source VER J1745-290, consistent with the position of Sagittarius A*, is detected at a significance of 38 standard deviations above the background level $(38sigma)$, and we report its spectrum and light curve. Its differential spectrum is consistent with a power law with exponential cutoff, with a spectral index of $2.12^{+0.22}_{-0.17}$, a flux normalization at 5.3 TeV of $1.27^{+0.22}_{-0.23}times 10^{-13}$ TeV-1 cm-2 s-1, and cutoff energy of $10.0^{+4.0}_{-2.0}$ TeV. We also present results on the diffuse emission near the GC, obtained by combining data from multiple regions along the GC ridge which yield a cumulative significance of $9.5sigma$. The diffuse GC ridge spectrum is best fit by a power law with a hard index of 2.19 $pm$ 0.20, showing no evidence of a cutoff up to 40 TeV. This strengthens the evidence for a potential accelerator of PeV cosmic rays being present in the GC. We also provide spectra of the other sources in our field of view with significant detections, composite supernova remnant G0.9+0.1 and HESS J1746-285.
The Galactic Center Ridge has been observed extensively in the past by both GeV and TeV gamma-ray instruments revealing a wealth of structure, including a diffuse component as well as the point sources G0.9+0.1 (a composite supernova remnant) and Sgr A* (believed to be associated with the supermassive black hole located at the center of our Galaxy). Previous very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray observations with the H.E.S.S. experiment have also detected an extended TeV gamma-ray component along the Galactic plane in the >300 GeV gamma-ray regime. Here we report on observations of the Galactic Center Ridge from 2010-2014 by the VERITAS telescope array in the >2 TeV energy range. From these observations we 1.) provide improved measurements of the differential energy spectrum for Sgr A* in the >2 TeV gamma-ray regime, 2.) provide a detection in the >2 TeV gamma-ray emission from the composite SNR G0.9+0.1 and an improved determination of its multi-TeV gamma-ray energy spectrum, 3.) report on the detection of VER J1746-289, a localized enhancement of >2 TeV gamma-ray emission along the Galactic plane.
Recently, detections of a high-energy gamma-ray source at the position of the Galactic center have been reported by multiple gamma-ray telescopes, spanning the energy range between 100 MeV and 100 TeV. Analysis of these signals strongly suggests the TeV emission to have a morphology consistent with a point source up to the angular resolution of the HESS telescope (approximately 3 pc), while the point-source nature of the GeV emission is currently unsettled, with indications that it may be spatially extended. In the case that the emission is hadronic and in a steady state, we show that the expected gamma-ray morphology is dominated by the distribution of target gas, rather than by details of cosmic-ray injection and propagation. Specifically, we expect a significant portion of hadronic emission to coincide with the position of the circum-nuclear ring, which resides between 1-3 pc from the Galactic center. We note that the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will be able to observe conclusive correlations between the morphology of the TeV gamma-ray source and the observed gas density, convincingly confirming or ruling out a hadronic origin for the gamma-ray emission.
The Tibet ASgamma experiment just reported their measurement of sub-PeV diffuse gamma ray emission from the Galactic disk, with the highest energy up to 957 TeV. These gamma-rays are most likely the hadronic origin by cosmic ray interaction with interstellar gas in the Galaxy. This measurement provides direct evidence to the hypothesis that the Galactic cosmic rays can be accelerated beyond PeV energies. In this work, we try to explain the sub-PeV diffuse gamma-ray spectrum within cosmic rays diffusive propagation model. We find there is a tension between the sub-PeV diffuse gamma rays and the local cosmic ray spectrum. To describe the sub-PeV diffuse gamma-ray flux, it generally requires larger local cosmic-ray flux than measurement in the knee region. We further calculate the PeV neutrino flux from the cosmic ray propagation model. Even all of these sub-PeV diffuse gamma rays originate from the propagation, the Galactic neutrinos only account for less than ~15% of observed flux, most of which are still from extragalactic sources.
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