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We present an atlas of more than one hundred original images of planetary nebulae (PNe). These images were taken in a narrow-band filter centred on the nebular emission of the [N II] during several observing campaigns using two moderate-aperture telescopes, at the Complejo Astronomico El Leoncito (CASLEO), and the Estacion Astrofisica de Bosque Alegre (EABA), both in Argentina. The data provided by this atlas represent one of the most extensive image surveys of PNe in [N II]. We compare the new images with those available in the literature, and briefly describe all cases in which our [N II] images reveal new and interesting structures.
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Near-infrared (2.5-5.0$,mu$m) low-resolution ($lambda/Deltalambda{sim}100$) spectra of 72 Galactic planetary nebulae (PNe) were obtained with the Infrared Camera (IRC) in the post-helium phase. The IRC, equipped with a $1{times}1$ window for spectroscopy of a point source, was capable of obtaining near-infrared spectra in a slit-less mode without any flux loss due to a slit. The spectra show emission features including hydrogen recombination lines and the 3.3-3.5$,mu$m hydrocarbon features. The intensity and equivalent width of the emission features were measured by spectral fitting. We made a catalog providing unique information on the investigation of the near-infrared emission of PNe. In this paper, details of the observations and characteristics of the catalog are described.
Spitzer MIPS 24 um images were obtained for 36 Galactic planetary nebulae (PNe) whose central stars are hot white dwarfs (WDs) or pre-WDs with effective temperatures of ~100,000 K or higher. Diffuse 24 um emission is detected in 28 of these PNe. The eight non-detections are angularly large PNe with very low H-alpha surface brightnesses. We find three types of correspondence between the 24 um emission and H-alpha line emission of these PNe: six show 24 um emission more extended than H-alpha emission, nine have a similar extent at 24 um and H-alpha, and 13 show diffuse 24 um emission near the center of the H-alpha shell. The sizes and surface brightnesses of these three groups of PNe and the non-detections suggest an evolutionary sequence, with the youngest ones being brightest and the most evolved ones undetected. The 24 um band emission from these PNe is attributed to [O IV] 25.9 um and [Ne V] 24.3 um line emission and dust continuum emission, but the relative contributions of these three components depend on the temperature of the central star and the distribution of gas and dust in the nebula.
We present interferometric, full-polarization observations of the four ground-state transitions of OH, toward five confirmed and one candidate OH-emitting planetary nebulae (OHPNe). OHPNe are believed to be very young PNe, and information on their magnetic fields (provided by their polarization) could be key to understand the early evolution of PNe. We detect significant circular and linear polarization in four and two objects, respectively. Possible Zeeman pairs are seen in JaSt 23 and IRAS 17393-2727, resulting in estimates of magnetic field strengths between 0.8 and 24 mG. We also report the new detection of OH emission at 1720 MHz toward Vy 2-2, making it the third known PN with this type of emission. We suggest that younger PNe have spectra dominated by narrow maser features and higher degrees of polarization. Shock-excited emission at 1720 MHz seems to be more common in PNe than in early evolutionary phases, and could be related to equatorial ejections during the early PN phase.
The majority of planetary nebulae (PNe) show axisymmetric morphologies, whose causes are not well understood. In this work, we present spatially resolved kinematic observations of 14 Galactic PNe surrounding Wolf-Rayet ([WR]) and weak emission-line stars ($wels$) based on the H$alpha$ and [N II] emission taken with the Wide Field Spectrograph on the ANU 2.3-m telescope. Velocity-resolved channel maps and position--velocity diagrams, together with archival Hubble Space Telescope ($HST$) and ground-based images, are employed to construct three-dimensional morpho-kinematic models of 12 objects using the program SHAPE. Our results indicate that these 12 PNe have elliptical morphologies with either open or closed outer ends. Kinematic maps also illustrate on-sky orientations of elliptically symmetric morphologies of the interior shells in NGC 6578 and NGC 6629, and the compact ($leq 6$ arcsec) PNe Pe1-1, M3-15, M1-25, Hen2-142, and NGC 6567, in agreement with the high-resolution $HST$ images containing morphological details. Point-symmetric knots in Hb4 exhibit deceleration with distance from the nebular center that could be due to shock collisions with the ambient medium. Velocity dispersion maps of Pe1-1 disclose point-symmetric knots similar to those in Hb4. Collimated outflows are also visible in the position--velocity diagrams of M3-30, M1-32, M3-15, and K2-16, which are reconstructed by tenuous prolate ellipsoids extending upwardly from thick toroidal shells in our models.
Wolf-Rayet ([WR]) and weak emission-line ($wels$) central stars of planetary nebulae (PNe) have hydrogen-deficient atmospheres, whose origins are not well understood. In the present study, we have conducted plasma diagnostics and abundance analyses of 18 Galactic PNe surrounding [WR] and $wels$ nuclei, using collisionally excited lines (CELs) and optical recombination lines (ORLs) measured with the Wide Field Spectrograph on the ANU 2.3-m telescope at the Siding Spring Observatory complemented with optical archival data. Our plasma diagnostics imply that the electron densities and temperatures derived from CELs are correlated with the intrinsic nebular H$beta$ surface brightness and excitation class, respectively. Self-consistent plasma diagnostics of heavy element ORLs of N${}^{2+}$ and O${}^{2+}$ suggest that a small fraction of cool ($lesssim 7000$ K), dense ($sim 10^4-10^5$ cm$^{-3}$) materials may be present in some objects, though with large uncertainties. Our abundance analyses indicate that the abundance discrepancy factors (ADF$equiv$ORLs/CELs) of O${}^{2+}$ are correlated with the dichotomies between forbidden-line and He I temperatures. Our results likely point to the presence of a tiny fraction of cool, oxygen-rich dense clumps within the diffuse warm ionized nebulae. Moreover, our elemental abundances derived from CELs are mostly consistent with AGB models in the range of initial masses from 1.5 to 5M$_{odot}$. Further studies are necessary to understand better the origins of abundance discrepancies in PNe around [WR] and $wels$ stars.
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