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Register a new userSpatiotemporal coherence of non-equilibrium multimode photon condensates
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We report on the observation of quantum coherence of Bose-Einstein condensed photons in an optically-pumped, dye-filled microcavity. We find that coherence is long-range in space and time above condensation threshold, but short-range below threshold, compatible with thermal-equilibrium theory. Far above threshold, the condensate is no longer at thermal equilibrium and is fragmented over non-degenerate, spatially overlapping modes. A microscopic theory including cavity loss, molecular structure and relaxation shows that this multimode condensation is similar to multimode lasing induced by imperfect gain clamping.
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We theoretically investigate the time dependence of the first order coherence function for a one-dimensional driven dissipative non-equilibrium condensate. Simulations on the generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GGPE) show that the characteristic time scale of exponential decay agrees with the linearized Bogoliubov theory in the regime of large interaction energy. For very weak interactions, the temporal correlation deviates from the linear theory, and instead respects the dynamic scaling of the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang universality class. This nonlinear dynamics is found to be quantitatively captured by a noisy Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation for the phase dynamics.
We investigate the steady state of a system of photons in a pumped dye-filled microcavity. By varying pump and thermalization the system can be tuned between Bose-Einstein condensation, multimode condensation, and lasing. We present a rich non-equilibrium phase diagram which exhibits transitions between these phases, including decondensation of individual modes under conditions that would typically favor condensation.
We experimentally demonstrate a multi-mode interferometer comprising a Bose-Einstein condensate of $^{39}$K atoms trapped in a harmonic potential, where the interatomic interaction can be cancelled exploiting Feshbach resonances. Kapitza-Dirac diffraction from an optical lattice coherently splits the BEC in multiple momentum components equally spaced that form different interferometric paths, closed by the trapping harmonic potential. We investigate two different interferometric schemes, where the recombination pulse is applied after a full or half oscillation in the confining potential. We find that the relative amplitudes of the momentum components at the interferometer output are sensitive to external forces, through the induced displacement of the harmonic potential with respect to the optical lattice. We show how to calibrate the interferometer, fully characterize its output and discuss perspective improvements.
The non-equilibrium dynamics of trapped ultracold atomic gases, or mixtures thereof, is an extremely rich subject. Despite 20 years of studies, and remarkable progress mainly on the experimental front, numerous open question remain, related to the growth, relaxation and thermalisation of such systems, and there is still no universally-accepted theory for their theoretical description. In this paper we discuss one of the state-of-the-art kinetic approaches, which gives an intuitive picture of the physical processes happening at the microscopic scale, being broadly applicable both below and above the critical region (but not within the critical region itself). Specifically, the Zaremba-Nikuni-Griffin (ZNG) scheme provides a self-consistent description of the coupling between the condensate and the thermal atoms, including the collisions between these two subsystems. It has been successfully tested against experiments in various settings, including collective modes (e.g. monopole, dipole and quadrupole modes), topological excitations (solitons and vortices) and surface evaporative cooling. Here, we show that it can capture two important aspects of non- equilibrium dynamics for both single-component and two-component BECs: the Kohn mode (the undamped dipole oscillation independent of interactions and temperature) and (re)thermalization leading to condensate growth following sudden evaporation. Our simulations, performed in a spherically-symmetric trap reveal (i) an interesting two-stage dynamics and the emergence of a prominent monopole mode in the evaporative cooling of a single component Bose gas, and (ii) the long thermalization time associated with the sympathetic cooling of a realistic two-component mixture. Related open questions arise about the mechanisms and the nature of thermalization in such systems, where further controlled experiments are needed for benchmarking.
We present a theoretical analysis of spatial correlations in a one-dimensional driven-dissipative non-equilibrium condensate. Starting from a stochastic generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation, we derive a noisy Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation for the phase dynamics. For sufficiently strong interactions, the coherence decays exponentially in close analogy to the equilibrium Bose gas. When interactions are small on a scale set by the nonequilibrium condition, we find through numerical simulations a crossover between a Gaussian and exponential decay with peculiar scaling of the coherence length on the fluid density and noise strength.
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