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Register a new userThe Double-Peaked SN2013ge: a Type Ib/c SN with an Asymmetric Mass Ejection or an Extended Progenitor Envelope
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We present extensive observations of the Type Ib/c SN2013ge from -13 to +457 days, including spectra and Swift UV-optical photometry beginning 2-4 days post-explosion. This data set makes SN2013ge one of the best observed normal Type Ib/c SN at early times---when the light curve is particularly sensitive to the progenitor configuration and mixing of radioactive elements---and reveals two distinct light curve components in the UV bands. The first component rises over 4-5 days and is visible for the first week post-explosion. Spectra of the first component have blue continua and show a plethora of high velocity (~15,000 km/s) but narrow (~3500 km/s) features, indicating that the line-forming region is restricted. The explosion parameters estimated for the bulk explosion are standard for Type Ib/c SN, and there is evidence for weak He features at early times. In addition, SN2013ge exploded in a low metallicity environment and we have obtained some of the deepest radio and X-ray limits for a Type Ib/c SN to date, which constrain the progenitor mass-loss rate. We are left with two distinct progenitor scenarios for SN2013ge, depending on our interpretation of the early emission. If the first component is cooling envelope emission, then the progenitor of SN2013ge either possessed a low-mass extended envelope or ejected a portion of its envelope in the final <1 year before core-collapse. Alternatively, if the first component is due to outwardly mixed Ni-56, then our observations are consistent with the asymmetric ejection of a distinct clump of nickel-rich material at high velocities. Current models for the collision of a SN shock with a binary companion cannot reproduce both the timescale and luminosity of the early emission in SN2013ge. Finally, the spectra of the first component of SN2013ge are similar to those of the rapidly-declining SN2002bj.
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We present a set of photometric and spectroscopic observations of a bright Type Ib supernova SN 2012au from -6d until ~+150d after maximum. The shape of its early R-band light curve is similar to that of an average Type Ib/c supernova. The peak absolute magnitude is M_R=-18.7+-0.2 mag, which suggests that this supernova belongs to a very luminous group among Type Ib supernovae. The line velocity of He I {lambda}5876 is about 15,000 km/s around maximum, which is much faster than that in a typical Type Ib supernova. From the quasi-bolometric peak luminosity of (6.7+-1.3)x10^(42) erg/s, we estimate the Ni mass produced during the explosion as ~0.30 Msun. We also give a rough constraint to the ejecta mass 5-7 Msun and the kinetic energy (7-18)x10^(51) erg. We find a weak correlation between the peak absolute magnitude and He I velocity among Type Ib SNe. The similarities to SN 1998bw in the density structure inferred from the light curve model as well as the large peak bolometric luminosity suggest that SN 2012au had properties similar to energetic Type Ic supernovae.
The supernovae of Type Ibc are rare and the detailed characteristics of these explosions have been studied only for a few events. Unlike Type II SNe, the progenitors of Type Ibc have never been detected in pre-explosion images. So, to understand the nature of their progenitors and the characteristics of the explosions, investigation of proximate events are necessary. Here we present the results of multi-wavelength observations of Type Ib SN 2007uy in the nearby ($sim$ 29.5 Mpc) galaxy NGC 2770. Analysis of the photometric observations revealed this explosion as an energetic event with peak absolute R band magnitude $-18.5pm0.16$, which is about one mag brighter than the mean value ($-17.6pm0.6$) derived for well observed Type Ibc events. The SN is highly extinguished, E(B-V) = 0.63$pm$0.15 mag, mainly due to foreground material present in the host galaxy. From optical light curve modeling we determine that about 0.3 M$_{odot}$ radioactive $^{56}$Ni is produced and roughly 4.4 M$_{odot}$ material is ejected during this explosion with liberated energy $sim 15times10^{51}$ erg, indicating the event to be an energetic one. Through optical spectroscopy, we have noticed a clear aspheric evolution of several line forming regions, but no dependency of asymmetry is seen on the distribution of $^{56}$Ni inside the ejecta. The SN shock interaction with the circumburst material is clearly noticeable in radio follow-up, presenting a Synchrotron Self Absorption (SSA) dominated light curve with a contribution of Free Free Absorption (FFA) during the early phases. Assuming a WR star, with wind velocity $ga 10^3 {rm km s}^{-1}$, as a progenitor, we derive a lower limit to the mass loss rate inferred from the radio data as $dot{M} ga 2.4times10^{-5}$ M$_{odot}$, yr$^{-1}$, which is consistent with the results obtained for other Type Ibc SNe bright at radio frequencies.
Type Ic supernovae (SNe Ic) arise from the core-collapse of H (and He) poor stars, which could be either single WR stars or lower-mass stars stripped of their envelope by a companion. Their light curves are radioactively powered and usually show a fast rise to peak ($sim$10-15 d), without any early (first few days) emission bumps (with the exception of broad-lined SNe Ic) as sometimes seen for other types of stripped-envelope SNe (e.g., Type IIb SN 1993J and Type Ib SN 2008D). We have studied iPTF15dtg, a spectroscopically normal SN Ic with an early excess in the optical light curves followed by a long ($sim$30 d) rise to the main peak. It is the first spectroscopically-normal double-peaked SN Ic observed. We aim to determine the properties of this explosion and of its progenitor star. Optical photometry and spectroscopy of iPTF15dtg was obtained with multiple telescopes. The resulting light curves and spectral sequence are analyzed and modelled with hydrodynamical and analytical models, with particular focus on the early emission. Results. iPTF15dtg is a slow rising SN Ic, similar to SN 2011bm. Hydrodynamical modelling of the bolometric properties reveals a large ejecta mass ($sim$10 $M_{odot}$) and strong $^{56}$Ni mixing. The luminous early emission can be reproduced if we account for the presence of an extended ($sim$500 R$_{odot}$), low-mass ($sim$0.045 M$_{odot}$) envelope around the progenitor star. Alternative scenarios for the early peak, such as the interaction with a companion, a shock-breakout (SBO) cooling tail from the progenitor surface, or a magnetar-driven SBO are not favored. The large ejecta mass and the presence of H and He free extended material around the star suggest that the progenitor of iPTF15dtg was a massive ($gtrsim$ 35 M$_{odot}$) WR star suffering strong mass loss.
Photometric and spectroscopic analyses of the intermediate-luminosity Type Ib supernova (SN) 2015ap and of the heavily reddened Type Ib SN~2016bau are discussed. Photometric properties of the two SNe, such as colour evolution, bolometric luminosity, photospheric radius, temperature, and velocity evolution, are also constrained. The ejecta mass, synthesised nickel mass, and kinetic energy of the ejecta are calculated from their light-curve analysis. We also model and compare the spectra of SN~2015ap and SN~2016bau at various stages of their evolution. The P~Cygni profiles of various lines present in the spectra are used to determine the velocity evolution of the ejecta. To account for the observed photometric and spectroscopic properties of the two SNe, we have computed 12,$M_odot$ zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) star models and evolved them until the onset of core collapse using the publicly available stellar-evolution code {tt MESA}. Synthetic explosions were produced using the public version of {tt STELLA} and another publicly available code, {tt SNEC}, utilising the {tt MESA} models. {tt SNEC} and {tt STELLA} provide various observable properties such as the bolometric luminosity and velocity evolution. The parameters produced by {tt SNEC}/{tt STELLA} and our observations show close agreement with each other, thus supporting a 12,$M_odot$ ZAMS star as the possible progenitor for SN~2015ap, while the progenitor of SN~2016bau is slightly less massive, being close to the boundary between SN and non-SN as the final product.
The interaction between the expanding supernova (SN) ejecta with the circumstellar material (CSM) that was expelled from the progenitor prior to explosion is a long-sought phenomenon, yet observational evidence is scarce. Here we confirm a new example: SN 2004dk, originally a hydrogen-poor, helium-rich Type Ib SN that reappeared as a strong H$alpha$-emitting point-source on narrowband H$alpha$ images. We present follow-up optical spectroscopy that reveals the presence of a broad H$alpha$ component with full width at half maximum of ~290 km/s in addition to the narrow H$alpha$ +[NII] emission features from the host galaxy. Such a broad component is a clear sign of an ejecta-CSM interaction. We also present observations with the XMM-Newton Observatory, the Swift satellite, and the Chandra X-ray Observatory that span 10 days to 15 years after discovery. The detection of strong radio, X-ray, and H$alpha$ emission years after explosion allows various constraints to be put on pre-SN mass-loss processes. We present a wind-bubble model in which the CSM is pre-prepared by a fast wind interacting with a slow wind. Much of the outer density profile into which the SN explodes corresponds to no steady-state mass-loss process. We estimate that the shell of compressed slow wind material was ejected ~1400 yr prior to explosion, perhaps during carbon burning, and that the SN shock had swept up about 0.04 M_sun of material. The region emitting the H$alpha$ has a density of order $10^{-20}$ g/cc.
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