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Register a new userThe geometry of two-valued subsets of $L_{p}$-spaces
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Anthony Weston
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Let $mathcal{M}(Omega, mu)$ denote the algebra of all scalar-valued measurable functions on a measure space $(Omega, mu)$. Let $B subset mathcal{M}(Omega, mu)$ be a set of finitely supported measurable functions such that the essential range of each $f in B$ is a subset of ${ 0,1 }$. The main result of this paper shows that for any $p in (0, infty)$, $B$ has strict $p$-negative type when viewed as a metric subspace of $L_{p}(Omega, mu)$ if and only if $B$ is an affinely independent subset of $mathcal{M}(Omega, mu)$ (when $mathcal{M}(Omega, mu)$ is considered as a real vector space). It follows that every two-valued (Schauder) basis of $L_{p}(Omega, mu)$ has strict $p$-negative type. For instance, for each $p in (0, infty)$, the system of Walsh functions in $L_{p}[0,1]$ is seen to have strict $p$-negative type. The techniques developed in this paper also provide a systematic way to construct, for any $p in (2, infty)$, subsets of $L_{p}(Omega, mu)$ that have $p$-negative type but not $q$-negative type for any $q > p$. Such sets preclude the existence of certain types of isometry into $L_{p}$-spaces.
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This is a continuation of the papers [Kuryakov-Sukochev, JFA, 2015] and [Sadovskaya-Sukochev, PAMS, 2018], in which the isomorphic classification of $L_{p,q}$, for $1< p<infty$, $1le q<infty$, $p e q $, on resonant measure spaces, has been obtained. The aim of this paper is to give a complete isomorphic classification of $L_{p,q}$-spaces on general $sigma$-finite measure spaces. Towards this end, several new subspaces of $L_{p,q}(0,1)$ and $L_{p,q}(0,infty)$ are identified and studied.
Suppose $0 < p leq 2$ and that $(Omega, mu)$ is a measure space for which $L_{p}(Omega, mu)$ is at least two-dimensional. The central results of this paper provide a complete description of the subsets of $L_{p}(Omega, mu)$ that have strict $p$-negative type. In order to do this we study non-trivial $p$-polygonal equalities in $L_{p}(Omega, mu)$. These are equalities that can, after appropriate rearrangement and simplification, be expressed in the form begin{eqnarray*} sumlimits_{j, i = 1}^{n} alpha_{j} alpha_{i} {| z_{j} - z_{i} |}_{p}^{p} & = & 0 end{eqnarray*} where ${ z_{1}, ldots, z_{n} }$ is a subset of $L_{p}(Omega, mu)$ and $alpha_{1}, ldots, alpha_{n}$ are non-zero real numbers that sum to zero. We provide a complete classification of the non-trivial $p$-polygonal equalities in $L_{p}(Omega, mu)$. The cases $p < 2$ and $p = 2$ are substantially different and are treated separately. The case $p = 1$ generalizes an elegant result of Elsner, Han, Koltracht, Neumann and Zippin. Another reason for studying non-trivial $p$-polygonal equalities in $L_{p}(Omega, mu)$ is due to the fact that they preclude the existence of certain types of isometry. For example, our techniques show that if $(X,d)$ is a metric space that has strict $q$-negative type for some $q geq p$, then: (1) $(X,d)$ is not isometric to any linear subspace $W$ of $L_{p}(Omega, mu)$ that contains a pair of disjointly supported non-zero vectors, and (2) $(X,d)$ is not isometric to any subset of $L_{p}(Omega, mu)$ that has non-empty interior. Furthermore, in the case $p = 2$, it also follows that $(X,d)$ is not isometric to any affinely dependent subset of $L_{2}(Omega, mu)$.
Let $S subset mathbb{R}^{n}$ be a~closed set such that for some $d in [0,n]$ and $varepsilon > 0$ the~$d$-Hausdorff content $mathcal{H}^{d}_{infty}(S cap Q(x,r)) geq varepsilon r^{d}$ for all cubes~$Q(x,r)$ centered in~$x in S$ with side length $2r in (0,2]$. For every $p in (1,infty)$, denote by $W_{p}^{1}(mathbb{R}^{n})$ the classical Sobolev space on $mathbb{R}^{n}$. We give an~intrinsic characterization of the restriction $W_{p}^{1}(mathbb{R}^{n})|_{S}$ of the space $W_{p}^{1}(mathbb{R}^{n})$ to~the set $S$ provided that $p > max{1,n-d}$. Furthermore, we prove the existence of a bounded linear operator $operatorname{Ext}:W_{p}^{1}(mathbb{R}^{n})|_{S} to W_{p}^{1}(mathbb{R}^{n})$ such that $operatorname{Ext}$ is right inverse for the usual trace operator. In particular, for $p > n-1$ we characterize the trace space of the Sobolev space $W_{p}^{1}(mathbb{R}^{n})$ to the closure $overline{Omega}$ of an arbitrary open path-connected set~$Omega$. Our results extend those available for $p in (1,n]$ with much more stringent restrictions on~$S$.
We prove that for every Banach space $Y$, the Besov spaces of functions from the $n$-dimensional Euclidean space to $Y$ agree with suitable local approximation spaces with equivalent norms. In addition, we prove that the Sobolev spaces of type $q$ are continuously embedded in the Besov spaces of the same type if and only if $Y$ has martingale cotype $q$. We interpret this as an extension of earlier results of Xu (1998), and Martinez, Torrea and Xu (2006). These two results combined give the characterization that $Y$ admits an equivalent norm with modulus of convexity of power type $q$ if and only if weakly differentiable functions have good local approximations with polynomials.
Let $S subset mathbb{R}^{n}$ be an arbitrary nonempty compact set such that the $d$-Hausdorff content $mathcal{H}^{d}_{infty}(S) > 0$ for some $d in (0,n]$. For each $p in (max{1,n-d},n]$ an almost sharp intrinsic description of the trace space $W_{p}^{1}(mathbb{R}^{n})|_{S}$ of the Sobolev space $W_{p}^{1}(mathbb{R}^{n})$ is given. Furthermore, for each $p in (max{1,n-d},n]$ and $varepsilon in (0, min{p-(n-d),p-1})$ new bounded linear extension operators from the trace space $W_{p}^{1}(mathbb{R}^{n})|_{S}$ into the space $W_{p-varepsilon}^{1}(mathbb{R}^{n})$ are constructed.
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