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Register a new userCLASH: Extreme Emission Line Galaxies and Their Implication on Selection of High-Redshift Galaxies
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We utilize the CLASH (Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble) observations of 25 clusters to search for extreme emission-line galaxies (EELGs). The selections are carried out in two central bands: F105W (Y105) and F125W (J125), as the flux of the central bands could be enhanced by the presence of [O III] 4959, 5007 at redshift of about 0.93-1.14 and 1.57-1.79, respectively. The multi-band observations help to constrain the equivalent widths of emission lines. Thanks to cluster lensing, we are able to identify 52 candidates down to an intrinsic limiting magnitude of 28.5 and to a rest-frame [O III] 4959,5007 equivalent width of about 3737 angstrom. Our samples include a number of EELGs at lower luminosities that are missed in other surveys, and the extremely high equivalent width can be only found in such faint galaxies. These EELGs can mimic the dropout feature similar to that of high redshift galaxies and contaminate the color-color selection of high redshift galaxies when the S/N ratio is limited or the band coverage is incomplete. We predict that the fraction of EELGs in the future high redshift galaxy selections cannot be neglected.
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The [CII] fine structure transition at 158 microns is the dominant cooling line of cool interstellar gas, and is the brightest of emission lines from star forming galaxies from FIR through meter wavelengths. With the advent of ALMA and NOEMA, capable of detecting [CII]-line emission in high-redshift galaxies, there has been a growing interest in using the [CII] line as a probe of the physical conditions of the gas in galaxies, and as a SFR indicator at z>4. In this paper, we use a semi-analytical model of galaxy evolution (G.A.S.) combined with the code CLOUDY to predict the [CII] luminosity of a large number of galaxies at 4< z<8. At such high redshift, the CMB represents a strong background and we discuss its effects on the luminosity of the [CII] line. We study the LCII-SFR and LCII-Zg relations and show that they do not strongly evolve with redshift from z=4 and to z=8. Galaxies with higher [CII] luminosities tend to have higher metallicities and higher star formation rates but the correlations are very broad, with a scatter of about 0.5 dex for LCII-SFR. Our model reproduces the LCII-SFR relations observed in high-redshift star-forming galaxies, with [CII] luminosities lower than expected from local LCII-SFR relations. Accordingly, the local observed LCII-SFR relation does not apply at high-z. Our model naturally produces the [CII] deficit, which appears to be strongly correlated with the intensity of the radiation field in our simulated galaxies. We then predict the [CII] luminosity function, and show that it has a power law form in the range of LCII probed by the model with a slope alpha=1. The slope is not evolving from z=4 to z=8 but the number density of [CII]-emitters decreases by a factor of 20x. We discuss our predictions in the context of current observational estimates on both the differential and cumulative luminosity functions.
Observations of high-redshift galaxies ($z >$ 5) have shown that these galaxies have extreme emission lines with equivalent widths much larger than their local star-forming counterparts. Extreme emission line galaxies (EELGs) in the nearby universe are likely analogues to galaxies during the Epoch of Reionization and provide nearby laboratories to understand the physical processes important to the early universe. We use HST/COS and LBT/MODS spectra to study two nearby EELGs, J104457 and J141851. The FUV spectra indicate that these two galaxies contain stellar populations with ages $< sim$ 10 Myr and metallicities $leq$ 0.15 Z$_odot$. We use photoionization modeling to compare emission lines from models of single-age bursts of star-formation to observed emission lines and find that the single-age bursts do not reproduce high-ionization lines including [O III] or very-high ionization lines like He II or [O IV]. Photoionization modeling using the stellar populations fit from the UV continuum similarly are not capable of reproducing the emission lines from the very-high ionization zone. We add a blackbody to the stellar populations fit from the UV continuum to model the necessary high-energy photons to reproduce the very-high ionization lines of He II and [O IV]. We find that we need a blackbody of 80,000 K and $sim$60-70% of the luminosity from the young stellar population to reproduce the very-high ionization lines while simultaneously reproducing the low- intermediate-, and high-ionization emission lines. Our self-consistent model of the ionizing spectra of two nearby EELGs indicates the presence of a previously unaccounted-for source of hard ionizing photons in reionization analogues.
The NIRCam instrument on the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will offer an unprecedented view of the most distant galaxies. In preparation for future deep NIRCam extragalactic surveys, it is crucial to understand the color selection of high-redshift galaxies using the Lyman dropout technique. To that end, we have used the JAdes extraGalactic Ultradeep Artificial Realizations (JAGUAR) mock catalog to simulate a series of extragalactic surveys with realistic noise estimates. This enables us to explore different color selections and their impact on the number density of recovered high-redshift galaxies and lower-redshift interlopers. We explore how survey depth, detection signal-to-noise ratio, color selection method, detection filter choice, and the presence of the Ly$alpha$ emission line affects the resulting dropout selected samples. We find that redder selection colors reduce the number of recovered high-redshift galaxies, but the overall accuracy of the final sample is higher. In addition, we find that methods that utilize two or three color cuts have higher accuracy because of their ability to select against low-redshift quiescent and faint dusty interloper galaxies. We also explore the near-IR colors of brown dwarfs and demonstrate that, while they are predicted to have low on-sky densities, they are most likely to be recovered in F090W dropout selection, but there are color cuts which help to mitigate this contamination. Overall, our results provide NIRCam selection methods to aid in the creation of large, pure samples of ultra high-redshift galaxies from photometry alone.
We propose a new diagram, the Kinematic-Excitation diagram (KEx diagram), which uses the [OIII]/Hbeta line ratio and the [OIII]5007 emission line width (sigma_{[OIII]}) to diagnose the ionization source and physical properties of the Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) and the star-forming galaxies (SFGs). The KEx diagram is a suitable tool to classify emission-line galaxies (ELGs) at intermediate redshift because it uses only the [OIII]5007 and Hbeta emission lines. We use the SDSS DR7 main galaxy sample and the Baldwin-Phillips-Terlevich (BPT) diagnostic to calibrate the diagram at low redshift. We find that the diagram can be divided into 3 regions: one occupied mainly by the pure AGNs (KEx-AGN region), one dominated by composite galaxies (KEx-composite region), and one contains mostly SFGs (KEx-SFG region). AGNs are separated from SFGs in this diagram mainly because they preferentially reside in luminous and massive galaxies and have high [OIII]/Hbeta. The separation of AGN from star-forming galaxies is even cleaner thanks to the additional 0.15/0.12 dex offset in [OIII] line width at fixed luminosity/stellar mass. We apply the KEx diagram to 7,866 galaxies at 0.3 < z < 1 in the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey, and compare it to an independent X-ray classification scheme using Chandra observation. X-ray AGNs are mostly located in the KEx-AGN region while X-ray SFGs are mostly located in the KEx-SFG region. Almost all of Type1 AGNs lie in the KEx-AGN region. These confirm the reliability of this classification diagram for emission line galaxies at intermediate redshift. At z~2, the demarcation line between star-forming galaxies and AGNs should shift 0.3 dex higher in sigma_{[OIII]} to account for evolution.
Stellar population models produce radiation fields that ionize oxygen up to O+2, defining the limit of standard HII region models (<54.9 eV). Yet, some extreme emission line galaxies, or EELGs, have surprisingly strong emission originating from much higher ionization potentials. We present UV-HST/COS and optical-LBT/MODS spectra of two nearby EELGs that have very-high-ionization emission lines (e.g., HeII 1640,4686 CIV 1548,1550, [FeV] 4227, [ArIV] 4711,4740). We define a 4-zone ionization model that is augmented by a very-high-ionization zone, as characterized by He+2 (>54.4 eV). The 4-zone model has little to no effect on the measured total nebular abundances, but does change the interpretation of other EELG properties: we measure steeper central ionization gradients, higher volume-averaged ionization parameters, and higher central T_e, n_e, and logU values. Traditional 3-zone estimates of the ionization parameter can under-estimate the average log U by up to 0.5 dex. Additionally, we find a model-independent dichotomy in the abundance patterns, where the alpha/H-abundances are consistent but N/H, C/H, and Fe/H are relatively deficient, suggesting these EELGs are alpha/Fe-enriched by >3 times. However, there still is a high-energy ionizing photon production problem (HEIP^3). Even for such alpha/Fe-enrichment and very-high log Us, photoionization models cannot reproduce the very-high-ionization emission lines observed in EELGs.
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