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Register a new userLattice Hamiltonian approach to the Schwinger model: further results from the strong coupling expansion
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We employ exact diagonalization with strong coupling expansion to the massless and massive Schwinger model. New results are presented for the ground state energy and scalar mass gap in the massless model, which improve the precision to nearly $10^{-9} %$. We also investigate the chiral condensate and compare our calculations to previous results available in the literature. Oscillations of the chiral condensate which are present while increasing the expansion order are also studied and are shown to be directly linked to the presence of flux loops in the system.
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Dyson--Schwinger equations are an established, powerful non-perturbative tool for QCD. In the Hamiltonian formulation of a quantum field theory they can be used to perform variational calculations with non-Gaussian wave functionals. By means of the DSEs the various $n$-point functions, needed in expectation values of observables like the Hamilton operator, can be thus expressed in terms of the variational kernels of our trial ansatz. Equations of motion for these variational kernels are derived by minimizing the energy density and solved numerically.
The massive Schwinger model is studied, using a density matrix renormalization group approach to the staggered lattice Hamiltonian version of the model. Lattice sizes up to 256 sites are calculated, and the estimates in the continuum limit are almost two orders of magnitude more accurate than previous calculations. Colemans picture of `half-asymptotic particles at background field (theta = pi) is confirmed. The predicted phase transition at finite fermion mass (m/g) is accurately located, and demonstrated to belong in the 2D Ising universality class.
The massive Schwinger model is studied, using a density matrix renormalisation group approach to the staggered lattice Hamiltonian version of the model. Lattice sizes up to 256 sites are calculated, and the estimates in the continuum limit are almost two orders of magnitude more accurate than previous calculations. Colemans picture of `half-asymptotic particles at background field theta = pi is confirmed. The predicted phase transition at finite fermion mass (m/g) is accurately located, and demonstrated to belong in the 2D Ising universality class.
Lattice QCD has reached a mature status. State of the art lattice computations include $u,d,s$ (and even the $c$) sea quark effects, together with an estimate of electromagnetic and isospin breaking corrections for hadronic observables. This precise and first principles description of the standard model at low energies allows the determination of multiple quantities that are essential inputs for phenomenology and not accessible to perturbation theory. One of the fundamental parameters that are determined from simulations of lattice QCD is the strong coupling constant, which plays a central role in the quest for precision at the LHC. Lattice calculations currently provide its best determinations, and will play a central role in future phenomenological studies. For this reason we believe that it is timely to provide a pedagogical introduction to the lattice determinations of the strong coupling. Rather than analysing individual studies, the emphasis will be on the methodologies and the systematic errors that arise in these determinations. We hope that these notes will help lattice practitioners, and QCD phenomenologists at large, by providing a self-contained introduction to the methodology and the possible sources of systematic error. The limiting factors in the determination of the strong coupling turn out to be different from the ones that limit other lattice precision observables. We hope to collect enough information here to allow the reader to appreciate the challenges that arise in order to improve further our knowledge of a quantity that is crucial for LHC phenomenology.
The general method for treating non-Gaussian wave functionals in the Hamiltonian formulation of a quantum field theory, which was previously proposed and developed for Yang--Mills theory in Coulomb gauge, is generalized to full QCD. For this purpose the quark part of the QCD vacuum wave functional is expressed in the basis of coherent fermion states, which are defined in term of Grassmann variables. Our variational ansatz for the QCD vacuum wave functional is assumed to be given by exponentials of polynomials in the occurring fields and, furthermore, contains an explicit coupling of the quarks to the gluons. Exploiting Dyson--Schwinger equation techniques, we express the various $n$-point functions, which are required for the expectation values of observables like the Hamiltonian, in terms of the variational kernels of our trial ansatz. Finally the equations of motion for these variational kernels are derived by minimizing the energy density.
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